Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management

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Abstinence related training needs for youth in the context of HIV/AIDS in Newcastle Uniting Presbyterian Church
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011-03) Mpofu, Buhle; Eva, Gary; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research study was to investigate the needs of youth within the Uniting Presbyterian church in Newcastle to abstain from sex before marriage with a view to developing guidelines for an abstinence training program. Youth within the church are encouraged to abstain from sex until marriage as a strategy to prevent infection from HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. It is therefore important to identify youth abstinence training needs. The project further evaluated current HIV and AIDS programs at Newcastle UPCSA and identified gaps between these programmes and the need for abstinence training for youth. Findings from this investigation provided recommendations for the development of guidelines for an HIV/AIDS youth friendly program that provides skills to abstain from pre-marital sex. This study elicited data from 25 young people (aged between 15-24 years, five of them male) and 3 leaders (2 coordinators and a local minister). Three types of data were collected namely: self administered questionnaires with 25 young people (aged 15-24 years), three in-depth interviews with two HIV and AIDS Coordinators and a local minister in charge of the congregation, and a focus group discussion with the same group of 25 youth. What came out clearly is that youth who already have children or those in romantic relationships are more likely to be sexually active than abstaining. Further to this, youths who experience pressure to abstain are doing so because of lack of opportunity and the pressure on them. The research concluded that the abstinence-only approach is not enough to address the needs of youth in preventing them from HIV infection. The author suggests that there is a need for a comprehensive approach to sexuality education for young people and recommended intervention strategies that will promote condom use in a targeted way to those who are sexually active, and provide them with relevant prevention information.
Acceptability of medical male circumcision among uncircumcised young men at Mansa College of Education, Zambia : influence of perceptions about effects on male sexuality
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013-03) Mlewa, Andrew Josephat; Qubuda, Thozamile; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Research focus: Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) is one of the top priority interventions for HIV prevention in Zambia. However, the country is struggling with scale-up of this intervention. New insights into factors that facilitate or impede its acceptability in non-circumcising communities are urgently needed, including the influence of perceptions about effects of circumcision on sexuality. Research methods: To gain new insights into these factors 24 uncircumcised young men and seven young women were recruited to participate in the study. Using ten In-depth interviews and three focus group discussions, the study examined perceptions about effects of MMC on male sexuality and the influence on acceptability of the procedure. Results/findings: Despite doubts about its efficacy, the research found overwhelming support among uncircumcised men for circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV. The study also found that uncircumcised men have specific perceptions and concerns about how male circumcision positively or negatively affects sexual function/performance and pleasure in men and for women. These perceptions were found to be important considerations for accepting circumcision among the majority of male respondents. Circumcision preference among female respondents was because of the perception that it protects men against HIV and women against cervical cancer. Main conclusions and recommendations: There was overwhelming support for male circumcision among uncircumcised men in the study, majority of who consider protection against HIV as the most important reason for accepting the procedure. More than half of the male respondents saw it as important for enhancing sexual performance and sexual pleasure for themselves and their sexual partners. Key recommendations include: development of effective community-based demand generation strategies that include use of multiple channels that address the main barriers to acceptability; conduct further research on facilitators of MMC acceptability; conduct research on effects of circumcision on male sexuality, risk compensation and sexual disinhibit ion among circumcised men. These measures will contribute to the design of more effective Information Education Communication (IEC) strategies and activities.
Acceptability of the female condom by female health workers in Francistown, Botswana
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011-03) Chirwa, Lovemore; Davis, Burt; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Women account for nearly half the global population of persons living with HIV. In sub-Saharan Africa women constitute 60% of adults living with the virus. The situation makes it necessary to develop and improve prevention actions that target women. The female condom is a practical option. It is the only available dual protection method that protects against sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies, and is designed for women to initiate. Objective: This study evaluated female condom acceptability in Francistown, Botswana. The main aim of the study was to examine female condom uptake among female health workers. The study also assessed beliefs held by health workers regarding the condom. Research Design: The research design employed was the survey method. Seventy-one participants were enrolled. Participants were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire which consisted of demographic characteristics, and attitudes and perceptions of female condom use. Results: The study found that 15.5% of women had used the female condom in the previous month, 12.9% had used the condom in the previous 3 months, and 17.2% had used the female condom in the previous 12 months. The study also showed that the majority of participants believed the female condom was readily available (71.4%) and that it empowered women (63.3%), and the majority of women (78.9%) would recommend its use. However, only 22.8% believed that the female condom was better than the male condom, 28.6% believed it was easy to use, and only 9.8% thought it was popular with clients. The majority (53.5%) believed the female condom was not well promoted and (56.3%) of participants did not know if sex with the female condom was as good. Conclusion & Recommendation: Female condom use by female health workers was low. There is need for more research to examine why the condom is not acceptable among female health workers.
Access to voluntary counselling and HIV testing services by Tonga Hospital employees
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Mkhulisi, Dennis Joseph; Augustyn, J. C. D.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The advent of HIV/AIDS poses a gigantic challenge to mankind. This global pandemic calls on all of us-regardless of whether we operate within government circles or in the private sector-to cooperate in eradicating the scourge of HIV/AIDS. The global impact of HIV/AIDS has wreaked grave havoc on family structures, the Health and Education sectors as well as various crucial productive industries, namely, the agricultural, mining, retail and financial services sectors. The South African national Department of Health is charged with leading the provision of access to HIV VCT services for all deserving members of the South African community. It behoves of all of healthcare service providers to ensure ease of access to such services to all deserving individuals. The South African Department of Health contends that the number of people enrolled into ARV roll-out program in South Africa is low. The South African community may access this service at accredited HIV VCT sites in CCMTs as well as in district and regional hospitals. People who are covered by medical insurance may access these services at private institutions of their choice. HCWs at government institutions suffer a triple whammy from HIV/AIDS, namely, caring for HIV positive patients in the hospital wards daily, supporting relatives stricken by HIV/AIDS (and AIDS-orphaned relatives) as well as carrying out duties of colleagues who are debilitated by HIV/AIDS. Access to HIV VCT services at Tonga Hospital-a 250-bed district hospital in the east of the Mpumalanga province is extremely low. A quantitative and descriptive study was performed to unravel the causes of the low access to HIV VCT services by HCWs at Tonga Hospital. Using an anonymous questionnaire (for which names and surnames were not required), this study found that fear and stigma of a HIV diagnosis played a huge role in preventing HCWs at Tonga Hospital from accessing free HIV VCT services at their place of work.
Actions of female sex workers faced with condom failure during penetration sexual encounters with clients in Cape Town
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-04) Mukumbang, Ferdinand Chemungha; Du Toit, Jan; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Science. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Male latex condoms have empirically been established as one of the effective barrier prevention methods against HIV transmission and are thus widely recommended. Meanwhile, there are a copious number of studies supporting its effectiveness; there have also been reports of condom breakages and slippages during heterogeneous vaginal intercourse, which undermines its primary goal as a barrier prevention method. The rate of condom failure is even higher among sex workers as the nature of their work is characterised by frequent coitus. This, consequently, increases the susceptibility of sex workers and their clients to contracting HIV and other sexually transmissible diseases. The situation is made dire due to the criminalisation, stigmatisation and discrimination of sex workers. While so much has been done to investigate the use, effectiveness, and failure rates of condoms among various populations, there is a troubling research gap regarding the actions of female sex workers when they are faced with situations of condom failure. This study revealed that, with respect to the immediate actions of sex workers after a condom failure incident, about 36% of the respondents revealed that they continued with their sexual rapport to the end even after noticing that the condom is broken. Another 36% said that they stopped immediately they noticed that the condom broke or slipped. Some 13% of the participants pointed that they stopped the sexual encounter completely. Another 3% revealed that they applied vaginal spermicidal foam. About 5% of the respondents said that they stopped immediately and took a douche when they had the chance. For the actions within the next 24 hours of experiencing condom failure with a client, 53% of the participants reported doing, meanwhile 4% attested of seeking counsel from a professional. About 3% of the respondents revealed that they simply took alcohol or drugs to forget the incident and 25% said that they went to the clinic for assistance when they experienced condom failure. Meanwhile, some of the actions such as continuing the sexual encounter without a new condom, taking alcohol and drugs or doing nothing at all could increase the risk of contracting HIV, other actions such as stopping the sexual completely, paying a visit to a clinic or visiting a professional could make a difference between staying HIV negative or becoming HIV positive.
Adherence counselling improves adherence to antiretrovirals
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Chokoe, Fridah Lesiba; Qubuda, Thozamile; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study investigate if adherence counselling improves adherence to antiretrovirals. The aim of the study is to improve adherence to antiretrovirals and reduce morbidity and mortality rate due to HIV/AIDS. The study used One Group Post Test -only design. The participants in the study were measured on adherence to antiretrovirals after they have received three seessions of adherence counselling. The objectives of the study was to : To explore the adherence behaviour of patient on antiretrovirals To deterrmine the adherence rate of patient on antiretrovvirals To determine the impact of adherence on adherence counselling To explore relationship between different demographic variables and adherence To explore relationship between different adherence measures The study brings to the front the HIV/AIDS picture.The crippling of the parts of the society by HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of HIV and the impacts HIV has on, nations, individuals ,household and industries are brought into perspective. The study goes back to the origin of HV/AIDS and further tackles issues related to HIV/AIDS and adherence, which are the anatomy, physiology, basic knowledge and discription of HIV/AIDS.The study tackles antiretrovirals, their classes, regimen side effect and important consideration while on antiretrovirals. The effectiveness of the antiretroviral therapy in reducing morbidity and mortality is discussed as well as the efforts by different countries globally in the roll out of antiretrovirals to fight the pandemic. The study explores the challenges to adherence to antiretrovirals and possible intervention. In this study adherence, adherence to antiretrovirals, predictors of adherence, barriers to adherence, adherence strategies and measures of adherence are explored.Assesment and intervention durring adherence counselling are discussed. The study results supported our hypothesis, that adherence counselling improves adherence to antiretrovirals.
Adherence to PMTCT antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected pregnant women in Area W Clinic, Francistown Botswana
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013-03) Ochigbo, Boniface Bradford Ekwu; Munro, Greg; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research was to determine the level of adherence among HIV infected pregnant women on prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) antiretroviral therapy, and to establish the factors that contribute to poor adherence and their relative importance, in order to suggest intervention strategies that will improve treatment adherence among this population. The study was conducted in Area W Clinic, Francistown Botswana, and was a prospective cross sectional study using semi-structured questionnaire, and data collection form. In total, 61 pregnant women participated in the study and were all within three to nine months gestation, and had been enrolled into the PMTCT program at least more than one month previously. The following were their characteristics: 75% were within the ages of 26 to 42 years old, 90% were single, 81% had attained secondary school education, and 60% were unemployed. Adherence was considered optimum if greater than or equal to 95%. The participants demonstrated a good knowledge of the importance of PMTCT treatment adherence. Reported optimum adherence levels were 84% by virtual analogue assessment, and 82% by pill count. Ninety eight percent of participants reported they did not miss any dose during the last three days before the interview. The most important factors influencing adherence from the study were pregnancy related illnesses, medication side effects, and month of pregnancy of the patient as participants tended to adhere less as they got closer to delivery. It is therefore important for care-givers to carefully monitor patients for these effects, and to carry out continuous adherence counselling with special attention given to those approaching delivery in order to improve or maintain overall adherence to PMTCT therapy. In conclusion, adherence levels to PMTCT therapy among the population sampled was high but can be further enhanced with interventions designed to cover and improve the highlighted areas in the implementation of the preventive therapy.
Alcohol use among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) at Otjiwarongo ART Clinic and its effects on their adherence to HAART
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-04) Chikwati, Enerst Mukono; Munro, Greg; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Alcohol use among PLWHA has long been recognized as a challenge in terms of HIV disease progression. However no local (Namibian) study has been done to look at prevalence of alcohol use among PLWHA on HAART and its effect on the patients’ adherence to HAART. A cross sectional survey was conducted at Otjiwarongo ART clinic to look at the proportion of PLWHA who use alcohol and the association between alcohol use and adherence to HAART. The target population was PLWHA on HAART at Otjiwarongo ART Clinic who; are 18 years and older and have been on HAART for a minimum of three months. Systematic sampling was used to select participants. A total sample size of 102 participants was obtained. Of those participants, 61(59.8%) were females and 41(40.2%) were males. Of the 102 participants, 14(13.73%) were in the age range of 18-28, 36(35.3%) in the age range of 30-39, 32(31.4%) in the age range of 40-49 and 20(19.6%) were in the age range of above or equal to 50 years. Of the total participants, 54(52.9%) used alcohol and 48(47%) were non-alcohol users. Of those who used alcohol 33(32.4%) were hazardous alcohol users (Abuse) while 21(20.6%) were non-hazardous alcohol users (Alcohol use). Of the 102 participants, 90(88.2%) were adherent to HAART in the four days prior to contact of the survey. These participants managed to take 95% or more of the total doses of their antiretroviral medicines. A total of 12(11.8%) of the participants were non adherent to HAART in the four days preceding the survey. Of the 33 participants who are hazardous alcohol users, 26(78.8%) were adherent to HAART compared to 7(21.2%) who were non adherent to HAART. The picture changes among those who did not use alcohol. Of the 48 participants who did not use alcohol, 44(91.7%) were adherent to HAART and 4(8.3%) were not adherent. What is interesting to note is the fact that of those who were non-hazardous alcohol users, adherence to HAART remained high. Adherence for this group was 95.2 %( 20 out of 21 participants). This study found that PLWHA on HAART Otjiwarongo hospital use alcohol more than the general population. This goes to show that alcohol abuse among PLWHA is indeed a problem which needs urgent attention Though the adherence is good among all the other PLWHA on HAART, adherence was particularly low in those PLWHA who were hazardous alcohol users (Alcohol Abusers). Adherence in this group was significantly low. This goes to show than hazardous alcohol use is associated with poor adherence to HAART. This re-emphasizes the need to screen all PLWHA for alcohol abuse before HAART is started so that appropriate support and advice can be provided.
An exploratory study into understanding behavioural change in respect of HIV/AIDS : a pre-test and post-test evaluation
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002-03) Govender, Pavlin Jayasceelan; Du Toit, J.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. African Centre for HIV/AIDS Management
ENGLISH SUMMARY : HIV/AIDS is regarded as a global disease that knows no colour, language or age barrier, for this reason, industry must regard the containment and management as a strategic priority in respect of its human resource development. The objectives of the study were to assess the obstacles on an implementation strategy as well as the impact thereof with regard to knowledge, intentions and behaviour. A pretest and posttest was conducted in order assess the changes in knowledge, intentions and behaviour. The study constituted 75 subjects that were randomly selected from a Depot. Majority of staff were blue-collar workers. The researcher used two models (i.e. Theory of Reasoned Action and Modified AIDS Risk Reduction Model) as guidelines to understanding behavioural change in respect of HIV/AIDS. Information derived, supports the researcher's hypotheses, that implementation strategies increase knowledge of HIV, change sexual behaviour and attempt to reduce unsafe sexual practices. However, the researcher found no change in intentions Despite the apparent positive spin-offs in the current study, the situation must be carefully monitored to aid the downward spiral in new HIV infection rates.
An analysis of factors affecting health-workers application of the routine HIV testing and counseling (RHT) protocol
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-04) Theu, Joe; Munro, Greg; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Not all patients who come to the hospital are offered Routine HIV Testing and Counseling (RHT) as is expected by the Ministry of Health of Botswana’s Routine HIV Testing and Counseling Protocol. This study sought to unearth in detail, factors that affect health-workers in Thamaga Primary Hospital in their application of RHT. A qualitative study was used to get lived experiences of health-workers working at Thamaga Primary Hospital. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 4 groups of health workers and with 6 individual health-workers. Content analysis was done on the data collected selecting emerging themes deductively. Relational analysis was conducted to gain the meaning of the findings. The findings of the deductive analysis were also compared inductively with The Porter-Lawler Theory of Motivation to see if theory was applicable in HIV work or applicable to health-worker motivation. Seven main factors that affect RHT either positively or negatively emerged: accountability, health-worker knowledge, human rights, workload, resources, patients’ age and patients’ knowledge. Accountability (36.8%) was by far, the dominant factor that influenced RHT positively when it was present and negatively when it was absent. The other two factors which had sizable portions were knowledge of RHT (21.2%) and human rights issues (20.2%). When concept mapping was done to find meaning, lack of knowledge of RHT was found to lead to poor understanding of human rights which led to poor accountability that led to the many other factors that were inter-related and ultimately directly or indirectly influenced performance levels of RHT. When tested against the findings, The Porter-Lawler Theory of Motivation was congruently applied to factors that arose with minor discrepancies on intrinsic factors making it largely relevant to HIV work or health-worker motivation. The findings call for training of health-workers on RHT and human rights issues accompanied by concurrent application of performance monitoring and appraising tools like Performance Based Reward Systems/ Performance Development Plans (PBRS/PDPs) that enhance accountability. Use of The Porter-Lawler Theory in HIV work or health-worker motivation is still applicable and is recommended where underlying factors are less well understood or not yet researched.
An analysis of the business response to HIV/AIDS in the catering industry in Zimbabwe : a case study for organisations affiliated to the National Employment Council for the catering industry
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-04) Zhira, Pardon; Augustyn, J. C. D.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The catering industry by its constituent membership of hotels, restaurants, lodges, bars, night clubs, takeaways and every tourist activity is susceptible and vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. This study analysed the business response to HIV/AIDS by establishments in the catering industry in Zimbabwe. The case study focused on establishments in Harare using a questionnaire with both open-ended and closed questions for data collection. The results of the study acknowledged the impact of HIV/AIDS on human resources capital and the business. The study also highlighted the need to conduct an assessment of the status of HIV/AIDS in the industry and its impact on both people and business. The epidemic was also acknowledged as a threat to the industry (both workforce and the business)hence the need for business response. However, the study revealed that the current business response was very minimal, erratic and uncoordinated. The study also highlighted the discriminatory practices in the catering industry especially in the treatment of persons infected with HIV. The study revealed the urgent need to put in place effective response to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS in the catering industry. Recommendations have been made to address HIV/AIDS in the workplace.
An analysis of the impact of child support grant on teenage fertility rate in South Africa
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008-12) Mokoma, Tebogo Patrick; Roux, Andre; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
The introduction of Child Support Grant (CSG) in South Africa in 1998, gave rise to lots of unfounded rumours that it brings perverse incentives especially for teenagers to fall pregnant in order to access the grant. This research wants to determine whether there is a link between CSG and teenage fertility. The researcher in this research followed a triangulation of methods by using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Retrospective tables on CSG reports were analysed and correlation analysis was used to determine the link between the two variables. For qualitative data, in-depth interviews were conducted with teenage mothers and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The results obtained in this research suggests that there is no evidence that explicitly link CSG and teenage fertility rate except that there are other exogenous factors leading to the registration of the child for CSG.
An analysis of the relationship between lack of workplace recreational facilities in Debswana operations for young mine workers and their vulnerability to HIV infection
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009-12) Kono, Segosha Seikeletse; Eva, Gary
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research study sought to examine the existing workplace programmes and policy that address the causes of HIV vulnerability amongst mine workers, to identify gaps in the existing workplace programmes and provide recommendations that could help to reduce HIV vulnerability for young mine workers. On the assumption that social identities can influence people's behaviour, the study looked at the way in which mine workers construct their social identities within their working and living environment. The paper also examined the way in which the construction of masculinities predisposes miners to HIV infection. The study also investigated the interrelatedness of lack of recreational facilities for young mine workers in Debswana Mines and their vulnerability to HIV infection. This research study was based on focus group discussions and semi-structured in-depth interviews. It was found that men who participated in recreational activities or who use their leisure time positively will be less involved in risky habits and sexual relationships. The results show that men need carefully structured opportunities to consider how dominant ideologies of masculinity, and the role relationship they reinforce, may disadvantage them as well as their partners, and that men who were involved in social groups and peer support groups developed a positive attitude and are likely to try to live up to the positive expectation of the group. The results also show that some men are not aware of the benefits of recreational activities and how they can improve their social life.
An analysis of the role of VCT in the prevention of HIV infection in Sub-Saharan Africa : Swakopmund, Namibia case study
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006-04) Iafigliola-Kriner, Ivanna Valeria; Eva, Gary; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research paper looks at the role of VCT (Voluntary Counselling and Testing) services in the prevention of HIV – a growing trend throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The benefits of VCT on the HIV positive segment of the population are clear, i.e. psychosocial support, access to further resources etc. However, the impact of VCT services on the HIV negative segment of society, as a preventive tool, has not been closely studied. Many organizations are implementing HIV workplace programmes but not emphasising voluntary counselling and testing services, often due to the often high cost of these services and the fact that employees miss out on work time in order to be tested. Organizations need to strive to ensure that their HIV positive employees remain healthy enough to work and also that their HIV negative employees remain negative. Behaviour change is at the root of HIV prevention. How to bring about behaviour change, however, still remains a major stumbling block to HIV prevention. This is especially true when looking at the multi-cultural environment in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study was conducted in Swakopmund, Namibia. Data was gathered on individuals voluntarily making use of VCT services. The study focuses on 221 clients who have attended VCT services, tested negative on their initial visit and returned after a three month period for further counselling and testing. Data gathered includes background information, high risk activities, and was gathered during both visits. Information gathered during both visits was then compared and analysed. An analysis of the data has shown that indeed VCT services can produce behaviour change and therefore reduce risk to HIV. Clients returning to the VCT centre for further counselling and testing showed a decrease in high risk activities such as unprotected sex, sex while intoxicated and number of sexual partners. This may help to reshape how we think about VCT and to assist in further integrating VCT services into successful HIV/AIDS management programmes.
Antiretroviral drug adherence : what happens when patients are hospitalized to medical wards and level one wards in Dr. George Mukhari hospital, Pretoria, and they are on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy [HAART]
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010-03) Nkosi, Thandi Hazel; Qubuda, Thozamile; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Science. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Purpose of the study The main purpose of the study was to investigate the antiretroviral drug adherence of patients on government HAART regimen while being hospitalized at Dr. George Mukhari hospital in medical wards and level one ward. Ensuring high levels of adherence to antiretroviral treatment is a priority in managing patients with AIDS. Research Design Qualitative and quantitative data was collected prospectively. Data was collected through interviewing patients and registered nurses using structured questionnaires. Doctors’ clinical notes from the participant’s (patients) files were audited to understand the real gaps in failing to support the patients with adherence to their treatment. Findings In investigating the antiretroviral treatment drug adherence of hospitalized patients, two indicators were used:  The percentage of patient’s drug adherence level.  The level of support that is given by registered nurses and doctors to support the patients in maintaining their adherence to treatment while admitted. The research findings from the 25 participants revealed that 28% of patients had >95% adherence level and 72% of patients had <95% adherence level. The level of support from the doctors and registered nurses was poor, there was no commitment. These findings suggest that further studies are needed to improve the adherence level of patients on antiretroviral treatment. Conclusions Adherence to antiretroviral treatment is a powerful predictor of survival for individual living with HIV and AIDS. Factors that contributed to non-adherence should be attended to without delay.
Are peer educators less inclined to engage in unsafe sex and in contracting HIV/AIDS?
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009-12) Myataza, Tembile; Eva, Gary; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research focuses on how peer educators and ex-peer educators are influenced by the peer education and if they have practised what they teach their peers. I focused on the impact of peer education on peer educators and to see if peer educators engaged in unprotected sex just like any ordinary youth who has not been exposed to HIV/AIDS education at school. Do youth at the schools see peer educators as role models? Is the HIV/AIDS intervention empowering the peer educators from getting HIV/AIDS infection? Does the intervention of HIV/AIDS peer education prevent the peer educators from practising unprotected sex? Are peer educators less inclined to engage in unsafe sex and in contracting HIV/AIDS than ordinary students? I sought answers to these questions. This research was done in two selected schools in the Western Cape. The first school, Kaya Mandi High school‟s ex-peer educators were a product of an NGO a initiative of Christo Greyling called “I Have Hope” sponsored by Old Mutual and Love life. The second school, Fezeka High had peer educators who were products of Gold peer education a venture between the Department of Education and the Department of Health. Data gathering was done through qualitative research by having focus groups from each school. The interview schedule used to collect data from the students and teachers of the designated schools. Data collected from the Department of Education as well as the Department of Health to show how peer education is implemented in the province. The data analysis has shown that although peer education is effective, peer educators do engage in unprotected sex and others do fall pregnant or impregnate fellow students.
Assessing health-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of HIV-positive Africans accessing services in Gugulethu Township, Cape Town
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005-12) Zinto, Mantombi Doreen; Eva, Gary; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV prevalence in the Western Cape, traditionally the lowest in South Africa, has jumped to higher than 10 percent for the first time – from 8,6 percent in 2001 to 12,4 percent in 2004. However, the statistic is not totally unexpected, considering the pandemic in the province is running five or six years behind the rest of the country. The figure comes from the 2002 national HIV antenatal survey. The Western Cape may continue to record the lowest rate in South Africa, but prevalence is obviously climbing fast. In addition, 19 of the 25 health districts in the Western Cape had recorded increases in the HIV rate (Department of Health, Western Cape). Syphilis rates in this province however, continued to drop, from 2,9 percent of pregnant women surveyed in 2001, to two percent in the most recent figures. Extrapolations based on a model developed by the national health department estimate that 5,3 million South Africans were HIV positive at the end of last year – up from 4,74 million in 2001. It is estimated that last year 2,95 million women between the ages of 15 and 49, and 2,3 million men in the same age group, were infected with HIV. Nearly 100 000 babies became infected too, via mother-to-child transmission. In her preface to the report, national health minister The Hannan Crusaid ARV Treatment Centre is the result of a partnership between the Western Cape government and UK-based HIV/Aids fundraising organisation Crusaid (Department of Health, 2004). The facility is rendering services such as counseling and the supply of the ARV treatment to the people of Gugulethu and surrounding communities. Approximately 38 000 of Gugulethu's 340 000 population could be HIV-positive. The provincial government donated R3,2-million towards building the site, while Crusaid invested R5,6-million (Department of Health, Western Cape: 2004). Various services run by the statutory and voluntary sector have been set up to help meet the increasing demand for HIV related support and care amongst this population. However, there is relatively limited data on HIV-related knowledge, sexual attitudes and practices amongst Africans living with HIV in the township. Similarly, their access to HIV-related services within the district remains relatively undocumented. The aims of this project were to collect preliminary data regarding HIV related knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) amongst HIV positive Africans accessing services in Gugulethu Township. To assess the feasibility of collecting KAP data amongst this population, qualitative and quantitative methods were used in a synergistic fashion, allowing a methodology to emerge in line with the real lives of HIV positive African residents and providers in the district. The methodology was closely linked to user-consultation with HIV-positive Africans who played a key role in defining and developing the research questions and the eventual survey tool.
Assessing the current practice of tuberculosis (TB) screening in HIV-infected persons
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011-03) Ganesh, Rochelle Aneeta; Munro, Greg; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The delayed diagnosis of a curable disease such as TB contributes to the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected persons in South Africa. The life-time risk for active TB in an HIV-negative person is 5–10%, while the annual risk in HIV-infected persons is up to 15%. The risk of developing TB in HIV-infected persons can be reduced by as much as 60% with an integrative approach to HIV/AIDS and TB. The health care environment can pose a risk with regard to TB transmission. TB infection control aims to provide a safe health care environment for both patients and HCPs. The aim of the study was to establish the current practice of TB screening in HIV-infected persons in Mount Ayliff Hospital in order to provide guidelines for the clinical management of TB in HIV-infected persons. The research study focussed on TB transmission and risk; infection control and practice and integrated HIV/AIDS and TB services in the area of work. The current practice of TB screening in HIV-infected persons in Mount Ayliff Hospital is poorly aligned to the National TB Infection Control policy. The integration of HIV/AIDS and TB services has not been fully implemented. Formulation of an institutional TB infection control plan that includes regular occupational audits may assist in the development of guidelines for the management of TB.
An assessment of knowledge and factors that expose young female student nurses to HIV infection at University of Namibia’s
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011-03) Uushona, Selma Ingandipewa; Eva, Gary; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study presents an assessment of knowledge and an investigation of specific factors that expose young female student nurses to HIV and AIDS at UNAM, Oshakati campus. A mixed-method approach was employed to collect the necessary data, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology. Quantitative data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire whereas qualitative data was gathered by means of focus group discussions and literature review. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 18, and results from the focus group discussions were grouped into themes and concepts and analysed quantitatively where applicable. Most respondents indicated to have adequate knowledge about HIV and AIDS and had positive attitudes necessary to effect behavioral change and implementation of prevention and care strategies. Most respondents were aware of their risk factors and aspects that increased individual vulnerability to HIV and AIDS. While the knowledge and attitudes were identified as adequate, the practices of the respondents did not explicitly indicate an adequate level of responsible behavior among the young female student nurses in the face of HIV and AIDS. Student nurses identified HIV and AIDS as a problem of the “others” and continued to report that infection would be an accidental exposure as a result of their profession or the perceived powerlessness over sexual matters, gender and income inequalities. Other factors of importance that respondents identified as critical in exposing them to HIV and AIDS included alcohol and drug use, peer pressure, lack of sufficient campus accommodation and limited supply of condoms, especially female condoms. Prevention remains a challenge in planning programs needed to address risky sexual behavior among students due to structural, social, and socio-economic dynamics, individual circumstances, gender and biological vulnerability. To address all these factors, respondents believed that University authorities should collaborate with national service providers and increase their commitment towards reproductive health promotion, development of effective prevention programs, improvement of policies, empowerment of young women through life skills required to advocate for self protection against HIV and AIDS.
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on HIV/AIDS among peer educators and students at the Tshwane University of Technology
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013-03) Basini, Dixie Thomas; Setswe, Geoffrey; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Dept. of Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of peer educators and university students, on whether the Peer Education-HIV/AIDS Prevention Programme has made an impact on the behavioural change of the recipients of the module as compared to the non-recipients. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using stratified sampling design among peer educators and students to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of peer educators and students. Participants were selected from Tshwane University of Technology campuses in Pretoria, Soshanguve and Ga-rankuwa. The study was conducted among 300 participants; 150 peer educators and 150 students. Informed consent was provided with each structured questionnaire. Findings and Discussion: Three quarters of the respondents in this study were females. This is consistent with many other studies of HIV/AIDS among students. The response rate in this study was 68% and was higher than the 45% of the Namibian Polytechnic students who participated in the KAP surveys of HIV/AIDS (De Beer et al., 2012). Mean knowledge levels of HIV/AIDS in this study were slightly higher among peer educators (92%) than among students (90%). Peer educators had more positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS than students in knowing someone who is HIV+ (78% vs. 67%) and sharing a desk with a PLHIV (97% vs. 95%). On whether HIV+ children should mix with others, attitude levels were the same (92% vs. 92%). Better practices were observed on peer educators vs. students - more peer educators (87%) than students (75%) said they always used a condom when they have sex. Conclusion and Recommendations: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of HIV/AIDS are high among peer educators and students at Tshwane University of Technology and it is recommended that the Peer Education-HIV/AIDS Prevention Programme at TUT should continue giving attention to changing attitudes and practices among peer educators and other learners.

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