Collection H

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Die Afrikaner en die demokrasie I : die negentiende eeu
(Historical Association of South Africa, 2002) Scholtz, Leopold; Scholtz, Ingrid
This is the first of two articles in which the authors try to establish at least part of the reasons why the Afrikaners, with their strong democratic antecedents of the nineteenth century, became the perpretators of undemocratic practices after 1948. The pioneer circumstances of the nineteenth century and the regard for patriarchs produced the possibility of both a democratic and an authoritarian development. Calvinism as a source of Afrikaner political thought is largely discarded by the authors, but the Enlightenment played a significant role in the nineteenth-century political theory. However, it appears that the patriarchal tradition won from the pioneer situation and the Enlightenment, as the legislatives of the two Boer republics jealously protected their powers and claimed full and unfettered powers inbetween elections.
Die Afrikaner en die demokrasie II : die dekades voor 1948
(Historical Association of South Africa, 2002) Scholtz, Leopold; Scholtz, Ingrid
The Afrikaner and democracy II : the decades before 1948
In this second and last part of a series the authors show that one of the most intense Afrikaner debates of the thirties and forties revolved around the nature of liberal democracy, capitalism and imperialism. The need of so many poor Afrikaners, and the fact that capitalism was seen as the other side of the coin of British imperialism, brought about a situation where many Afrikaner thinkers and politicians sought refuge under the umbrella of national socialism. The main protagonist of this trend was the Ossewa-Brandwag (Ox-wagon Sentinel or OB), but in the power struggle with the National Party (NP), the last mentioned also became infected with national socialist about democracy. However, after the OB neutralised itself by not participating in the 1943 election, these ideas largely fizzled out. Nevertheless, in the process the NP started usurping the sovereignty which previously was reserved for the volk and parliament. In the end, this helped bring about a situation where the abuse of power of the NP reign became possible.
Andre P. Brink, retorikus par excellence
(Afrikaanse Letterkundevereniging, 2002) Van Zyl, Dorothea
From the seventies, the novels of André P. Brink have foregrounded the need for alternative histories to lend a voice to the marginalized other, (especially, and often in combination, indigenous people, slaves and women) in stories which are usually ignored by male historiographers. The distinctive way in which this train of thought is followed throughout his oeuvre, makes Brink a strong ideological author. It also makes him a persuader par excellence. This article reviews Brink's rhetorical point of departure and some of the rhetorical strategies applied in a number of his novels since 1973, coupled with the theoretical notions of, inter alia, the Rhetoric of Inquiry Movement and the New Historicism, which can also be called a rhetorical approach. After an analysis of these relevant aspects in ten novels by Brink, the conclusion is reached that Brink constructs his novels in a very logical way, with a mainly ethical objective, namely, to gradually effect an 'illumination' in his readers regarding the deeper truths generated by this alternative historiography.
Apartheid urban development and transitional restructuring in Pietersburg and environs
(Historical Association of South Africa, 2000) Donaldson, Ronnie; Van der Merwe, Izak
Effects of urban development on former homelands need to be addressed after the period of urban transition. The article focuses on the evolution of a dispersed city settlement around Pietersburg. Three aspects are covered. Firstly, an outline is given of the apartheid legacy of developing a dispersed settlement system surrounding Pietersburg. Secondly, the post-apartheid local government restructuring of Pietersburg is described. Thirdly, the above historical findings are debated in the context of 'restructuring' Pietersburg after the transition to a new dispensation.
Base en klase : perspektiewe op en deur die ander in enkele 19de-eeuse Nederlandse en Afrikaanse tekste, met 'n fokus op naamgewing, aanspreekvorme en die landskap
(Afrikaanse Letterkundevereniging, 2002) Van Zyl, Dorothea
In this article ("Bosses and workers : perspectives on and by the 'other' in a number of 19th century Dutch and Afrikaans texts, with a focus on naming, forms of address and landscape") special attention is paid to a variety of texts in which the "other" is mainly portrayed in a positive light. The specifically Afrikaans sententia and binary opposition "Base en Klase", with its connotations of colour, is used as an exemplum of conventional perspectives on the "other". These perspectives are also linked to the naming of space, transforming it into place and landscape. Although many of the selected texts under discussion (even those in which the "other" writes back) are still characterized by stereotypical names, ethnonyms, conventional assumptions about the role of the "other" and by attempts to place the "other" within the framework of the focalizer's own ideologies, they all show a tendency towards stronger "postcolonial" perspectives. This pleads for an approach which foregrounds hibridity and ambivalence, even in these early texts.
Breyten en die vaders : perspektiewe op die rol van die vader in Breytenbach se vroee poesie
(Afrikaanse Letterkundevereniging, 2003) Viljoen, Louise
This article discusses the way in which the relationship between father and son is portrayed in Breyten Breytenbach's early poetry. It focuses on the way in which Breytenbach's poetry continues the representation of the relationship of the son with his biological father in the Afrikaans farm novels of the twenties and thirties as well as the depiction of the relationship between the rebellious son and God the Father in the work of the Afrikaans poets of the thirties (especially Van Wyk Louw and W.E.G. Louw). The article examines the way in which Breytenbach intensifies the portrayal of the relationship between father and son in his poems and places it in the political context of apartheid. Four poems are discussed: the first focuses on the relationship between the son and his biological father, the second on the relationship between the son and his poetic father or precursor, the third on the relationship between the son and God the Father, and the fourth on the relationship between the son and the political father.
Die Britse imperialisme, die Anglo-Boereoorlog en die ontstaan van apartheid
(Faculty of Humanities, University of the Free State, 2002) Scholtz, Leopold; Scholtz, Ingrid
Historical events are not beforehand cast in stone, and this is also the case with the Afrikaners' eventual choice for apartheid and an authoritarian system. In this paper the authors show that an Afrikaner protoliberalism existed during the nineteenth century, and that things could have gone either way, had external factors in the form of British imperialism not intervened. This protoliberalism came under pressure during the last years of the century due to the advance of British imperialism, which reached its zenith during the Anglo~Boer War. The war and ils aftermath, including the impoverishment it caused (which culminated during the Depression in the thirties). subjectively caused Afrikaners to fear for the survival of their people. In these circumstances, the proto-liberalism of the nineteenth century was effectively extinguished. A zero-sum game grew in the relations between Afrikaners and blacks, and in the end aparlheid was devised as an instrnment for survival. In this process, the only liberal paradigm surviving in South Africa was the Biitish variant, which was subjectively seen as a tool of British imperialism, thereby closing ojfthe liberal avenue in the political culture of the Afrikaners.
Capital Punishment or Capital Forgiveness? The Enduring Message of Dead Man Walking
(Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of the Free State, 2000) Hale, Frederick
The best-selling book and internationally popular film Dead Man Walking address squarely the issue of capitol punishment which has been extensively debated throughout much of the world and challenged the ethical thinking of Christian and non-Christian moralists. Although this question is treated in Dead Man Walking in an explicitly Roman Catholic context in the United States of America, the ethical and spiritual dimensions of its treatment on the screen transcend geographical and denominational borders and are particularly relevant to South Africa, where escalating violence in recent years has engendered a callousness and spirit of vengefulness in many quarters and where public support for the death penalty is strong.
Clausewitz, Mao Zedong en die Anglo-Boereoorlog
(Faculty of Humanities, University of the Free State, 2001) Scholtz, Leopold
In the military historiography (as opposed to the social historiography) of the Anglo-Boer War, there is an abundance of reconstructions o f what exactly happened, more or less along the lines of Ranke's ideal. However, there is a paucity of theoretical and analytical studies. In this paper, a theoretical model is constructed on the basis of the military thoughts of the Prussian theoretician Carl von Clausewitz, who wrote extensively about the nature of war as such, and the Chinese leader Mao Zedong, whose writings are essential for the understanding of guerrilla warfare. Clausewitz's thoughts are traced regarding the political nature of war, the correlation between the totality of war and the totality of the war aim, and his embryonic ideas on guerrilla war. Mao's ideas are also analyzed regarding the political nature of war, but are developed especially in the light of his writings about the three stages of guerrilla war, the need for liberated base areas, the fact that gucnillas need to disperse their forces as widely as possible (the relationship between force and space),and the indispensable role of the local population (the "fish in the water" theory). Presently the Anglo-Boer War is measured against this model. The conclusions are that the British and Boer war aims both developed to such a radical extent that only a total victory or defeat was possible, and that essentially this is the explanation for the total character the war developed during its second phase. Mao's theory is also used to explain why the Boer guerrilla campaign remained strategically fruitless. Together, Clausewitz and Mao furnish an explanation not just for what happened, but why it happened that way and what it means.
Cleanthes, Chrysippus and the Pythagorean Golden Verses
(Classical Association of South Africa, 2001) Thom, Johan C.
This article re-examines the literary relationship between the Stoics Cleanthes and Chrysippus and the Pythagorean Golden Verses. Contrary to scholarly consensus, I shall argue that the two Stoics show literary dependence on the Pythagorean poem, and not vice versa. Previous scholars have dated the Golden Verses sometime in the Imperial period and they consequently either argue for direct dependence of the Golden Verses on the Stoic authors, or for a shared dependence on a hypothetical third text. If one examines the literary relationships between the various texts critically, while bracketing the chronological problem, it becomes evident that the far more traditional Pythagorean poem must have been used by the more sophisticated Stoic authors, instead of the author of the former having simplified his Stoic sources. This conclusion has important implications for the value of the Golden Verses within the Pythagorean tradition.
The contestation and renegotiation of gendered space in Afrikaans women's poetry
(Afrikaanse Letterkundevereniging, 2001) Viljoen, Louise
This article argues that literature is one of the fields in which the social construction of space takes place; it is therefore also the terrain on which the contestation and renegotiation of gendered space can take place. The focus falls on the work of four Afrikaans women poets who either published their first volume of poetry or made a comeback after a prolonged silence in 1970: Sheila Cussons, Wilma Stockenström, Antjie Krog and Ina Rousseau. Although women are still under-represented in Afrikaans poetry in comparison to men, the quality and influence of the poetry written by these four women have given them a very important place in the Afrikaans literary system. This article concentrates on the way in which the meaning of traditionally gendered spaces is contested and renegotiated in the poetry by these women. Concentrating on the tendency to gender public spaces as male and private spaces as female, the article discusses several strategies used by these poets to undermine the way in which gender stereotypes are perpetuated through spatial arrangements – strategies like valorising the domestic as subject matter.
Contextualising the potentates, principalities and powers in the Epistle to the Ephesians
(New Testament Society of Southern Africa, 2000) Wendland, Ernst R.
The concept of 'power' is vitally important in all human societies. The nature of this 'power' varies according to sociocultural setting. One's perspective is also Influenced by one's worldview and value system. These general principles are relevant to the study of potency in religion on account of the supernatural dimension involved. To communicate any religious message effectively it must be adequately 'contextuallsed' within the conceptual frameworrk of its intended receptor group. The fact that this process was also carried out to a greater or lesser degree with reaped to the literature of the Bible Is frequently taken for granted, but not always fully investigated. This study represents an effort towards this end with regard to the general semantic field of 'power' in the book of Ephesians. The aim is twofold: a) to call attention to the notion of spiritual power(s) in the text of Ephesians, and (b) to suggest some of the ways in which the writer appears to have contextualised his message in order to give his instruction and encouragement a greater measure of literary and rhetorical impact and situational relevance.
A critical analysis of reporting on the TRC discourses in Die Kerkbode
(Department of Old and New Testament, Stellenbosch University, 2003) Anthonissen, Christine
This article uses Critical Discourse Analysis as a methodological framework for considering the ways in which Die Kerkbode mediated the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) from 1995 to 2001. It reflects on the reasonable expectations one could have of a publication of the nature of Die Kerkbode, the official publication of the Dutch Reformed Church, with its very specific readership. It also reflects on how such expectations were met. The analysis indicates how an early position of doubt in the integrity of the TRC process gradually developed into one that responded sensitively to the volume of testimonies to human rights abuses of the years of struggle. However, it also indicates a primary interest in the image of the DRC and its own participation (or not) in the TRC processes. There is no coverage of particular narratives of the special event hearings, the Human Righrts Violations hearings or the Amnesty hearings. No reference is made to real events which were topicalised during the TRC hearings themselves. Eventually, in 2001 there appears to be a return to a position that questions the value of the TRC and is concerned more with amnesty for all than with restitution for those who suffered. This calls for further reflection on why the DRC could at the time not respond with more empathy and a more considered notion of reconciliation.
Die digter as reisiger : twee gedigsiklusse van Leipoldt en Krog
(Afrikaanse Letterkundevereniging, 2003) Viljoen, Louise
This article focuses on the genre of travel literature, more specifically on two cycles of Afrikaans poems about travelling. The first is a cycle of poems, "Uit my Oosterse dagboek", by C. Louis Leipoldt, published in the volume Uit drie wêrelddele (1923), and the second is a cycle of poems by Antjie Krog, "van litteken tot rivier", published in the volume Kleur kom nooit alleen nie (2000). Both of these cycles are based on real travel experiences on which the poets also reported in non-fictional texts. The article explores the relationship between the non-fictional and the poetic texts, but also looks into the way in which the experience of travel leads to an intensified form of "making strange" (to quote the Russian Formalist, Sklovsky). Attention is also given to the way in which these poetic texts about travelling demonstrate the way in which travel can lead to self-discovery. Because travel leads to a crossing of boundaries in the literal as well as the figurative sense, travel writing is potentially transgressive. According to Barthes, travel writing is also the most "ideologically saturated" form of writing one can find, apart from propaganda. For this reason travel writing often forms an important part of the political and ideological debates of the time. This article discusses the way in which the cycles of poetry by Leipoldt and Krog reflect the way in which they think about their relationships with themselves, their country of birth as well as about their sense of a South African identity within a larger context.
Examining Attachment of Earnings Orders: Does the English Wage Garnishment Mechanism Offer Solutions to the Challenges Experienced by its Contemporary South African Counterpart?
(Thomson & Reutors, 2023) Van der Merwe, Stephan
The ability to garnish a debtor’s wages is a popular and important contemporary legal mechanism to facilitate civil debt collection in many jurisdictions, including South Africa. Despite recent amendments to the primary legislation regulating South African emolument attachment orders, the mechanism remains prone to a number of significant shortcomings which facilitate debtor abuse. Consequently, calls have been made for further legislative intervention. In order to guide this development, comparative wage garnishment mechanisms should be investigated. A detailed analysis of the ostensibly effective and historically relatable English attachment of earnings order mechanism could provide meaningful insights to improve the system and enhance debtor protection in South Africa. The article therefore conducts an examination and evaluation of the historical development and contemporary application of English attachment of earnings orders in order to determine whether the mechanism provides any solutions that could assist further legislative development.
Exploring connections : reflections on mother-tongue education in postcolonial Uganda
(Dept of General Linguistics, Stellenbosch University, 2013) Ssentanda, Medadi E.
Mother-tongue (MT) education in Uganda, like in many other countries, is a highly contentious subject. A plethora of problems plague MT education and all are similar to those mentioned in more than six decades of research and evaluations on the topic from numerous countries across the world. Based on fieldwork conducted in four primary schools in the Rakai district of Uganda, this paper attempts to demystify and critically theorise practices and ideologies of language in education. This study is inflected by the theoretical work of Tollefson (1991), particularly his challenging remark that “language is built into the economic and social structure of society so deeply that its fundamental importance seems only natural. […] For this reason, language policies are often seen as expressions of natural, common-sense assumptions about language in society” (Tollefson 1991:2). This paper therefore sets out to surpass the mere cataloguing of problems bedevilling MT education in Uganda by proposing an account of their possible genesis. Through an examination of dysfunctional state and government structures, the role of linguistic ideology as well as the distribution of symbolic and material wealth, it is herein argued that there should be a shift from the structural-functional model, where policies are considered bodies of discourse that should, or that fail to, be implemented. It is proposed rather that the education system mirrors a wider societal concern in which colonial legacies are miserably reproduced in postcolonial Ugandan structures.
Geskiedskrywing, kondisionering en die konsekwensies vir teologiese vernuwing : 'n begripsanalise van TN Hanekom se tipering van die "liberale rigting"
(2003) Lategan, B. C.
This article analyses the way in which T N Hanekom, a prominent church historian who held the chair in Church History at the Theological Seminary in Stellenbosch in the sixties and seventies of the previous century, interpreted and used the concept “the liberal movement”. His penetrating and comprehensive description of the rise and fall of the liberal movement in Europe and South Africa during the nineteenth century is based on a very specific understanding of what “liberal” means. Not only did he link it with a whole cluster of negative associations, but created an attitude and mindset that make it very difficult for his students to deal constructively and effectively with the political, social and theological changes that accompanied the transition to a democratic dispensation in South Africa at the end of the previous century.
Die godsdienshistoriese agtergrond van die Nuwe Testament : kommentaar op 'n onlangse publikasie
(2001) Thom, Johan C.
The religio-historic background of the New Testament: Commentary on a recent publication. The religiohistoric background of the NT is of cardinal importance for its interpretation; however, it is far from easy for New Testament scholars to attain a thorough knowledge of this background. What is needed is not only a broad, general orientation, but also first-hand interaction with texts in which Graeco-Roman religious traditions themselves appear and are expressed. But available introductions are either too general or do not offer a satisfactory theoretical framework for understanding textual materials within context. Hans-Josef Klauck's recent introduction to the religio-historical context of the NT, by presenting not only an "external", theoretical but also an "intemal" perspective emanating from close interaction with the ancient texts themselves, satisfies to an exceptional degree the requirements mentioned above.
Grammatical constraints on intrasentential code switching : evidence from English-Afrikaans code switching
(Department of General Linguistics, Stellenbosch University, 2002) Van Gass, Kate
Code switching is a sociolinguistic phenomenon that is found wherever two or more language varieties are used in a speech community. Bilingual or multilingual speakers who speak two or more language varieties often switch fluently between these linguistic codes, sometimes even within the same utterance, a phenomenon that is generally referred to as "intrasentential code switching"1 . Various grammatical constraints on intrasentential code switching have been proposed in the literature2 . In this article, I will critically examine, using EnglishAfrikaans code switching data, the empirical predictions of two of these constraints, viz. Poplack's (1980) Free Morpheme Constraint and Belazi, Rubin & Toribio's (1994) Functional Head Constraint. I will suggest possible explanations for aspects of the data that appear to be unaccounted for in Poplack's (1980) and Belazi et al.'s (1994) frameworks. I will also characterise another approach to code switching, namely a Minimalist approach, and examine some of the advantages of such an approach by re-examining the data.
"Die Here is my skild" : metaforiese spreke oor God in 'n seleksie Ou Testamentiese psalms
(Department of Old and New Testament, Stellenbosch University, 2002) Basson, Alec
‘The Lord is my shield:’ Metaphorical speech relating to God in a selection of Old Testament psalms This article examines the military metaphors relating to Yahweh in a selection of Old Testament psalms (3, 21, 76, 140). In these psalms the psalmist calls on Yahweh to intervene and destroy the enemy. It is as a warrior that Yahweh delivers the supplicant from the enemy. The employment of military metaphors in the psalms is intimately linked to the emotional experience of the supplicant. This contribution concludes that the psalms containing this type of metaphorical speech with respect to Yahweh still serve an important purpose, especially in sectors of the South African community which is continuously harassed by this type of circumstances. These psalms need to be actualized in such a way that they aid people in conflict to call on Yahweh to intervene and save.

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