Physical mapping of the elephant X chromosome: Conservation of gene order over 105 million years

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dc.contributor.authorRodriguez Delgado C.L.
dc.contributor.authorWaters P.D.
dc.contributor.authorGilbert C.
dc.contributor.authorRobinson T.J.
dc.contributor.authorGraves J.A.M.
dc.date.accessioned2011-05-15T15:59:03Z
dc.date.available2011-05-15T15:59:03Z
dc.date.issued2009
dc.description.abstractAll therian mammals (eutherians and marsupials) have an XX female/XY male sex chromosome system or some variant of it. The X and Y evolved from a homologous pair of autosomes over the 166 million years since therian mammals diverged from monotremes. Comparing the sex chromosomes of eutherians and marsupials defined an ancient X conserved region that is shared between species of these mammalian clades. However, the eutherian X (and the Y) was augmented by a recent addition (XAR) that is autosomal in marsupials. XAR is part of the X in primates, rodents, and artiodactyls (which belong to the eutherian clade Boreoeutheria), but it is uncertain whether XAR is part of the X chromosome in more distantly related eutherian mammals. Here we report on the gene content and order on the X of the elephant (Loxodonta africana)-a representative of Afrotheria, a basal endemic clade of African mammals-and compare these findings to those of other documented eutherian species. A total of 17 genes were mapped to the elephant X chromosome. Our results support the hypothesis that the eutherian X and Y chromosomes were augmented by the addition of autosomal material prior to eutherian radiation. Not only does the elephant X bear the same suite of genes as other eutherian X chromosomes, but gene order appears to have been maintained across 105 million years of evolution, perhaps reflecting strong constraints posed by the eutherian X inactivation system. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
dc.description.versionArticle
dc.identifier.citationChromosome Research
dc.identifier.citation17
dc.identifier.citation7
dc.identifier.issn9673849
dc.identifier.other10.1007/s10577-009-9079-1
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/10976
dc.subjectanimal cell
dc.subjectarticle
dc.subjectchromosome map
dc.subjectcladistics
dc.subjectcomparative study
dc.subjectcontrolled study
dc.subjectelephant
dc.subjectfemale
dc.subjectgene
dc.subjectgene mapping
dc.subjectgene order
dc.subjectgenetic conservation
dc.subjectLoxodonta africana
dc.subjectmale
dc.subjectmammal
dc.subjectmolecular evolution
dc.subjectnonhuman
dc.subjectnucleotide sequence
dc.subjectpriority journal
dc.subjectradiation
dc.subjectspecies
dc.subjectX chromosome
dc.subjectX chromosome inactivation
dc.subjectY chromosome
dc.subjectAnimals
dc.subjectElephants
dc.subjectEvolution, Molecular
dc.subjectFemale
dc.subjectHumans
dc.subjectMale
dc.subjectPhylogeny
dc.subjectPhysical Chromosome Mapping
dc.subjectTime Factors
dc.subjectX Chromosome
dc.subjectX Chromosome Inactivation
dc.subjectAfrotheria
dc.subjectArtiodactyla
dc.subjectEutheria
dc.subjectLoxodonta africana
dc.subjectMammalia
dc.subjectMetatheria
dc.subjectMonotremata
dc.subjectPrimates
dc.subjectRodentia
dc.subjectTheria
dc.titlePhysical mapping of the elephant X chromosome: Conservation of gene order over 105 million years
dc.typeArticle
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