Development of a curriculum framework to facilitate critical thinking skills of undergraduate students in developing countries : a multi-method study of a Ghanaian nursing educational institution

Date
2019-12
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: A curriculum grounded on a critical thinking ethos has become preferred in nursing education today. Students who experience such curricula are more likely to provide safe patient care and engage in autonomously meaningful and self-reflective thinking. A curriculum framework which is based on critical thinking premises could provide the impetus to drive the development of critical thinking skills of nursing students. Yet, this researcher could not find evidence of a framework to facilitate critical thinking skills in the context of a developing country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a curriculum framework to facilitate critical thinking skills of students in a nursing educational institution. Based on critical theory and pragmatism, cooperative inquiry utilized the multi-methods to elicit different data sources. Congruent with tenets of the cooperative inquiry research method, 11 participants comprising three educators, two preceptors, five students, and the principal researcher were purposively selected to obtain preliminary data in order to develop the framework. These 11 participants engaged in seven phases of data collection, analysis, and reflection, using O’Leary’s cycle of action research. Consequently, this project set out to identify the inhibiting and/or enhancing factors of memory, disposition and cognitive skills of critical thinking, and instructional activities in a nursing school. Using purposive, random, convenience sampling techniques, 115 students and 13 educators were selected to participate in the various phases of this research project. Four data collection methods were utilized including qualitative non-participant observations; group interviews; completion of a critical thinking tool—the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI); and analysis of examination questions. The findings revealed four classificatory themes: educators’ characteristics, students’ characteristics, university-wide factors, and issues concerning continuous quality improvement. Notably, the relationship between students and educators was identified as requiring improvement. Some educators’ teaching methods and attitudes toward students apparently did not encourage dissent and invariably impeded an authentic, functional and democratic student-educator relationship necessary for a participatory learning environment to enhance critical thinking skills development of students. The CCTDI score indicated a positive disposition of students toward critical thinking. The score was higher than most studies from developing countries cited. The analysis of examination questions revealed that less than 5% of examination questions assessed students on higher orders of thinking – acknowledging that numerous factors influence such findings and was thus viewed as indicative of a possible trend. These findings culminated in the development of a critical thinking curriculum framework to provide the impetus needed to drive the development of critical thinking skills of students. Through cooperative group members’ reflections, factors relating to educators, students, assessment, continuous quality improvement, and university-wide issues were cooperatively considered. The important concepts of this framework included a) authentic learner-facilitator partnership; b) a facilitator that makes a difference; c) a learner that is free to question and to reflect; d) a conducive and participatory learning environment; e) a curriculum renewal processes; and f) contextual realities. The interplay of these factors is required to enhance students’ memory, disposition and cognitive skills of critical thinking. A critical thinking-based framework may provide the impetus required to drive the development of critical thinking skills of nursing students. Based on the findings, further testing and future utilization of the framework in nursing education is recommended, especially in the Ghanaian context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Kurrikulum waarin kritiese denke verweef is, is tans die voorkeur in verpleegonderrig. Studente wat in hierdie kurrikulums studeer, is meer geneig om veilige pasientsorg te verskaf, met integriteit op te tree en selfreflektiewe denke toe te pas. 'n Kurrikulumraamwerk wat op kritiese denke gegrond is, kan die dryfkrag wees om die ontwikkeling van kritiese denkvaardighede by verpleegstudente te bevorder. Tog kon die navorsers nie bewyse vind van 'n raamwerk om kritiese denkvaardighede in die Ghanese verpleegonderwyskonteks te fasiliteer nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om 'n kurrikulumraamwerk te ontwikkel om kritiese denkvaardighede van studente in 'n verpleegonderwysinstelling te fasiliteer. Kooperatiewe ondersoek is gebruik as die oorkoepelende navorsingsontwerp in die konteks van 'n verpleegskool. In ooreenstemming met die beginsels van die kooperatiewe ondersoeknavorsingsmetode, is elf deelnemers bestaande uit drie opvoeders, twee hoofopvoeders, vyf studente en die hoofnavorser, doelgerig gekies om voorlopige data te bekom met die oog op die ontwikkeling van hierdie raamwerk. Hierdie elf deelnemers het in sewe fases van data-insameling, ontleding en refleksie gebruik gemaak van O'Leary se siklus van aksienavorsing. Gevolglik het hierdie projek ten doel gestel om die inhiberende en/of verbeterende faktore van geheue, ingesteldheid en kognitiewe vaardighede van kritiese denke en onderrigaktiwiteite in 'n verpleegskool te identifiseer. Vier data-insamelingsmetodes is gebruik: kwalitatiewe nie-deelnemende waarnemings, groepsonderhoude, die gebruik en voltooiing van 'n kritiese denkvaardighede instrument, naamlik die “Calafornia Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory” (CCTDI) en eksamenvrae is ontleed. Die bevindinge het vier klassifiserende temas geopenbaar: opvoeders se eienskappe, studente se eienskappe, universiteitswye faktore en kwessies rakende deurlopende gehalteverbetering. Daar is bevind dat daar veral aandag geskenk moet word aan die verbetering van die verhoudings tussen studente en opvoeders. Sommige opvoeders se onderrigmetodes en houdings teenoor studente het skynbaar nie verdeeldheid aangemoedig nie en daar het 'n opregte, funksionele en demokratiese verhouding tussen studente en opvoeders ontstaan. Hierdie verhouding is noodsaaklik vir die skepping van ‘n deelnemende leeromgewing en om die vaardigheidsontwikkeling van studente te verbeter. Die CCTDI-telling het ‘n positiewe ingesteldheid van studente teenoor kritiese denke aangedui. Die telling was hoer, in vergelyking met meeste ander studies uit ontwikkelende lande wat geraadpleeg is. Die ontleding van eksamenvrae het aan die lig gebring dat minder as 5% van die eksamenvrae studente op hoe orde denke beoordeel het. Hierdie gewaarwordinge dui daarop dat talle faktore ‘n invloed het op die denkpatrone van studente. Hierdie bevindinge het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van die kurrikulumraamwerk, gegrond op kritiese denkvaardighede, met die doel om die dryfkrag te wees wat nodig is om die ontwikkeling van die kritiese denkvaardighede van studente te bevorder. Deur die opinies van al die deelnemers in ag te neem, is die faktore wat verband hou met opvoeders, studente, assessering, deurlopende kwaliteitsverbetering en universiteitswye faktore oorweeg. Die belangrike konsepte van hierdie raamwerk sluit in: a) ‘n opregte student-fasiliteerder verhouding; b) 'n fasiliteerder wat 'n verskil maak; c) 'n leerder wat kritiese denke toepas; d) ‘n bevorderende en deelnemende leeromgewing; e) kurrikulumvernuwingsprosesse; en f) kontekstuele realiteite. Die wisselwerking van hierdie faktore het ‘n rol gespeel in die verbetering van studente se geheue, ingesteldheid en kognitiewe vaardighede. 'n Kritiese denkvaardigheid gebaseerde raamwerk kan dus die dryfkrag wees wat nodig is om die ontwikkeling van die kritiese denkvaardighede van verpleegstudente te bevorder. Op grond van die bevindinge word verdere navorsing en die toekomstige benutting van die raamwerk in verpleegonderrig aanbeveel, veral in die Ghanese konteks.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.
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