The HIV-associated tuberculosis epidemic-when will we act?

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dc.contributor.authorHarries, A. D.
dc.contributor.authorZachariah, R.
dc.contributor.authorCorbett, E. L.
dc.contributor.authorLawn, S. D.
dc.contributor.authorSantos-Filho, E. T.
dc.contributor.authorChimzizi, R.
dc.contributor.authorHarrington, M.
dc.contributor.authorMaher, D.
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, B. G.
dc.contributor.authorDe Cock, K. M.
dc.date.accessioned2011-05-15T15:58:07Z
dc.date.available2011-05-15T15:58:07Z
dc.date.issued2010
dc.description.abstractDespite policies, strategies, and guidelines, the epidemic of HIV-associated tuberculosis continues to rage, particularly in southern Africa. We focus our attention on the regions with the greatest burden of disease, especially sub-Saharan Africa, and concentrate on prevention of tuberculosis in people with HIV infection, a challenge that has been greatly neglected. We argue for a much more aggressive approach to early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection in affected communities, and propose urgent assessment of frequent testing for HIV and early start of antiretroviral treatment (ART). This approach should result in short-term and long-term declines in tuberculosis incidence through individual immune reconstitution and reduced HIV transmission. Implementation of the 3Is policy (intensified tuberculosis case finding, infection control, and isoniazid preventive therapy) for prevention of HIV-associated tuberculosis, combined with earlier start of ART, will reduce the burden of tuberculosis in people with HIV infection and provide a safe clinical environment for delivery of ART. Some progress is being made in provision of HIV care to HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis, but too few receive co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and ART. We make practical recommendations about how to improve this situation. Early HIV diagnosis and treatment, the 3Is, and a comprehensive package of HIV care, in association with directly observed therapy, short-course (DOTS) for tuberculosis, form the basis of prevention and control of HIV-associated tuberculosis. This call to action recommends that both HIV and tuberculosis programmes exhort implementation of strategies that are known to be effective, and test innovative strategies that could work. The continuing HIV-associated tuberculosis epidemic needs bold but responsible action, without which the future will simply mirror the past. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
dc.description.versionReview
dc.identifier.citationThe Lancet
dc.identifier.citation375
dc.identifier.citation9729
dc.identifier.issn1406736
dc.identifier.other10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60409-6
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/10781
dc.subjectantiretrovirus agent
dc.subjectBCG vaccine
dc.subjectcotrimoxazole
dc.subjectisoniazid
dc.subjecttuberculostatic agent
dc.subjectbacterium culture
dc.subjectcase finding
dc.subjectdisease association
dc.subjectearly diagnosis
dc.subjectearly intervention
dc.subjectepidemic
dc.subjectfinancial management
dc.subjecthealth care delivery
dc.subjecthealth care facility
dc.subjecthealth care policy
dc.subjecthealth care system
dc.subjecthealth education
dc.subjecthealth program
dc.subjecthospital hygiene
dc.subjecthuman
dc.subjectHuman immunodeficiency virus
dc.subjectHuman immunodeficiency virus infected patient
dc.subjectHuman immunodeficiency virus infection
dc.subjectincidence
dc.subjectinfection control
dc.subjectinternational cooperation
dc.subjectmedical assessment
dc.subjectmultidrug resistance
dc.subjectMycobacterium tuberculosis
dc.subjectnucleic acid amplification
dc.subjectpatient safety
dc.subjectpractice guideline
dc.subjectpriority journal
dc.subjectreview
dc.subjectscreening test
dc.subjectshort course therapy
dc.subjectSouth Africa
dc.subjecttuberculosis
dc.subjectvirus transmission
dc.subjectAfrica South of the Sahara
dc.subjectAIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
dc.subjectAnti-Infective Agents
dc.subjectAnti-Retroviral Agents
dc.subjectAntitubercular Agents
dc.subjectDisease Outbreaks
dc.subjectGovernment Programs
dc.subjectHealth Facilities
dc.subjectHealth Services Needs and Demand
dc.subjectHIV Infections
dc.subjectHumans
dc.subjectInfection Control
dc.subjectIsoniazid
dc.subjectTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination
dc.subjectTuberculosis, Pulmonary
dc.subjectWorld Health
dc.titleThe HIV-associated tuberculosis epidemic-when will we act?
dc.typeReview
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