Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

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dc.contributor.authorJames, Spencer L.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorTheadom, Aliceen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorEllenbogen, Richard G.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBannick, Marlena S.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMontjoy-Venning, Wcliffen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLucchesi, Lydia R.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAbbasi, Nooshinen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAbdulkader, Rizwanen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAbraha, Haftom Niguseen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAdsuar, Jose C.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAfarideh, Mohsenen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAgrawal, Sutapaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAhmadi, Alirezaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAhmed, Muktar Beshiren_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAichour, Amani Nidhalen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAichour, Ibtihelen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAichour, Miloud Taki Eddineen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAkinyemi, Rufus Olusolaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAkseer, Nadiaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAlahdab, Faresen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAlebel, Animuten_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAlghnam, Suliman A.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAli, Beriwan Abdulqadiren_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAlsharif, Ubaien_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAltirkawi, Khaliden_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAndrei, Catalina Lilianaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAnjomshoa, Minaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAnsari, Hosseinen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAnsha, Mustafa Geletoen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAntonio, Carl Abelardo T.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAppiah, Seth Christopher Yawen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAriani, Filippoen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAsefa, Nigus Gebremedhinen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAsgedom, Solomon Weldegebrealen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAtique, Sulemanen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAwasthi, Ashishen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorQuintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayalaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAyuk, Tambe B.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAzzopardi, Peter S.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBadali, Hamiden_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBadawi, Alaaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBalalla, Shivanthien_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBanstola, Amriten_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBarker-Collo, Suzanne Lynen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBarnighausen, Till Winfrieden_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBedi, Neerajen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBehzadifar, Masouden_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBehzadifar, Meysamen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBekele, Bayu Begashawen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBelachew, Abate Bekeleen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBelay, Yihalem Abebeen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBennett, Derrick A.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBensenor, Isabela M.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBerhane, Adugnawen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBeuran, Mirceaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBhalla, Ashishen_ZA
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dc.contributor.authorBiffino, Marcoen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBijani, Alien_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBililign, Nigusen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBirungi, Charlesen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBoufous, Soufianeen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBrazinova, Alexandraen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBrown, Allen W.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCar, Mateen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCardenas, Rosarioen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCarrero, Juan J.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Felixen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCastaneda-Orjuela, Carlos Aen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCatala-Lopez, Ferranen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorChaiah, Yazanen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorChamps, Ana Paulaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorChang, Jung-Chenen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorChoi, Jee-Young J.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorChristopher, Devasahayam J.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCooper, Cyrusen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCrowe, Christopher Stephenen_ZA
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dc.contributor.authorFarzaei, Mohammad Hoseinen_ZA
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dc.date.accessioned2021-10-15T08:30:58Z
dc.date.available2021-10-15T08:30:58Z
dc.date.issued2019-11-26
dc.descriptionCITATION: James, S. L. et al. 2019. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18(1):56-87. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0
dc.descriptionThe original publication is available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-neurology
dc.description.abstractBackground: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings: In 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30–30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78–1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331–412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11–16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55·50 million (53·40–57·62 million) and of SCI was 27·04 million (24·98–30·15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the age-standardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8·4% (95% UI 7·7 to 9·2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (−0·2% [–2·1 to 2·7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3·6% (1·8 to 5·5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (−3·6% [–7·4 to 4·0]). TBI caused 8·1 million (95% UI 6·0–10·4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9·5 million (6·7–12·4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82–141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90–170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. Interpretation: TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments.en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipBill & Melinda Gates Foundation
dc.description.urihttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474442218304150?via%3Dihub
dc.description.versionPublisher’s version
dc.format.extent32 pages ; illustrations, maps
dc.identifier.citationJames, S. L. et al. 2019. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18(1):56-87. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0
dc.identifier.issn1474-4465 (online)
dc.identifier.issn1474-4422 (print)
dc.identifier.otherdoi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/123234
dc.language.isoen_ZAen_ZA
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.rights.holderAuthors retain rights
dc.subjectTraumatic brain injury -- Epidemiology -- 2016 A.D.en_ZA
dc.subjectBrain -- Wounds and injuries -- Epidemiology -- 2016 A.D.en_ZA
dc.subjectSpinal cord -- Wounds and injuries -- Epidemiology -- 2016 A.D.en_ZA
dc.subjectSystematic reviews (Medical research)en_ZA
dc.titleGlobal, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016en_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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