Detection, quantification and pathogen interactions of citrus replant pathogens

Date
2021-12
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Citrus replant disease is a major problem in South African citrus orchards and has been reported in many other parts of the world. This disorder is prevalent in orchards where citrus trees have been grown previously for many years. Several fungi and oomycete species including Pythium irregulare, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora nicotianae, Neocosmospora solani, Neocosmospora ferruginea and Neocosmospora citricola have been implicated in citrus replant disease in South Africa. As these pathogens were found to occur together in the same soils, it could be expected that they would interact to cause typical citrus replant symptoms. However, studies of these pathogens causing replant disease alone or in combination are lacking. Previous studies have used several sets of primers for the detection of P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae in plant material; however, some of them showed sensitivity and specificity issues. Currently, there is no quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays available for the newly described Neocosmospora species that have been isolated from citrus in South Africa. In this study, new species-specific qPCR primers based on Ypt1 (P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae), ITS (N. citricola), β-tubulin (N. solani) and RPB2 (N. ferruginea) genes were developed and validated for the detection of citrus replant pathogens in roots in South Africa. For Pythium irregulare, a previously published primer pair was optimised and employed in order to detect and quantify this species in citrus roots. The qPCR assays effectively detected and quantified Phytophthora, Neocosmospora and Pythium isolates in vitro. For the rapid and simultaneous detection of P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae in citrus roots, a multiplex PCR assay was developed. The multiplex PCR was highly effective in detecting the two pathogens and could be used for the simultaneous detection of P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae in citrus roots. This study investigated the role of P. irregulare, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae, N. solani, N. ferruginea and N. citricola in citrus replant disease. Carrizo citrange rootstock seedlings were subjected to different treatments and an untreated control. Additionally, a combination of P. nicotianae and P. irregulare were included, along with N. solani combined with either of the two Phytophthora spp. Also included were a mixture of N. solani with P. nicotianae and P. irregulare. At trial termination, the shoot length, seedling fresh mass, root fresh mass and root volume were determined. The combination of N. solani + P. nicotianae + P. irregulare s.s. were the only inoculation that caused a significant reduction in seedling height. All the species caused a reduction in mean root mass, except for N. solani + P. citrophthora which were found to increase the mean root mass. Isolations were made from the roots of inoculated Carrizo citrange rootstock seedlings. Isolation studies showed that the Neocosmospora spp. were among the most frequently isolated species (range of isolation 62.1 to 67.5%). The combination of P. nicotianae + P. irregulare s.s. had the highest percentage of roots infected by P. irregulare s.s. (61.7%). Phytophthora citrophthora and P. nicotianae were also isolated from seedling roots. The percentage of roots infected with P. citrophthora ranged from 24.2 to 45.4%, whereas the percentage of roots infected with P. nicotianae ranged from 20.8 to 45.0%. Pathogen detection and quantification were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using the new and existing primers. The mean DNA concentrations of P. irregulare ranged from 1.6x10⁻⁴ to 2.7x10⁻³ ng/μL. Mean DNA concentrations of P. citrophthora were between 0 and 2.5x10⁻⁴ ng/μL, and for P. nicotianae were from 1.7x10⁻² to 6.4x10⁻² ng/μL. The Neocosmospora mean DNA concentrations ranged from 1.1x10⁻³ to 2.9x10⁻² ng/μL. The qPCR assays successfully detected and quantified P. irregulare, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae, N. solani, N. ferruginea and N. citricola from citrus roots. This may be especially important since it provides a new opportunity for analysing citrus replant pathogen populations and their interactions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sitrus herplantsiekte is 'n groot probleem in Suid-Afrikaanse sitrusboorde en is in baie ander dele van die wêreld aangemeld. Hierdie siekte kom algemeen voor in boorde waar sitrusbome al jare lank verbou word. Verskeie swam- en oomycete-spesies, waaronder Pythium irregulare, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora nicotianae, Neocosmospora solani, Neocosmospora ferruginea en Neocosmospora citricola, is in Suid-Afrika betrokke by sitrus herplant. Aangesien hierdie patogene saam in dieselfde gronde voorkom, kan verwag word dat hulle interaksie sal veroorsaak om tipiese sitrus herplant simptome te veroorsaak. Studies ontbreek egter van hierdie patogene wat herplant siekte alleen of in kombinasie veroorsaak. Vorige studies het verskeie stelle merkers gebruik vir die opsporing van P. citrophthora en P. nicotianae in plantmateriaal; sommige van hulle het egter sensitiwiteits- en spesifisiteits kwessies getoon. Tans is daar geen kwantitatiewe real-time PKR (kPKR) toetse beskikbaar vir die nuut beskryfde Neocosmospora spesies wat van sitrus in Suid-Afrika geïsoleer is nie. In hierdie studie is nuwe spesie spesifieke kPKR merkers gebaseer op Ypt1 (P. citrophthora en P. nicotianae), ITS (N. citricola), β-tubulin (N. solani) en RPB2 (N. ferruginea) gene ontwikkel en gevalideer vir die opsporing van sitrus herplant patogene in wortels in Suid-Afrika. Vir Pythium irregulare is voorheen gepubliseerde merkers geoptimaliseer en gebruik om hierdie spesie in sitruswortels op te spoor en te kwantifiseer. Die kPKR-toetse het Phytophthora, Neocosmospora en Pythium isolate effektief in vitro opgespoor en gekwantifiseer. Vir die vinnige en gelyktydige opsporing van P. citrophthora en P. nicotianae in sitruswortels, is 'n multispesie PKR-toets ontwikkel. Die multispesie PKR was hoogs effektief in die opsporing van die twee patogene en kan gebruik word vir die gelyktydige opsporing van P. citrophthora en P. nicotianae in sitruswortels. Hierdie studie ondersoek die rol van P. irregulare, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae, N. solani, N. ferruginea en N. citricola in sitrus herplant. Carrizo citrange onderstam saailinge is aan verskillende behandelings onderwerp en 'n onbehandelde beheer. Boonop is 'n kombinasie van P. nicotianae en P. irregulare ingesluit, saam met N. solani gekombineer met een van die twee Phytophthora spesies. 'n Kombinasie van N. solani met P. nicotianae en P. irregulare is ook ingesluit. By proefevaluering is die lootlengte, vars massa van die saailinge, wortelmassa en wortelvolume bepaal. Die kombinasie van N. solani + P. nicotianae + P. irregulare s.s. was die enigste inokulasie wat 'n beduidende vermindering in saailinghoogte veroorsaak het. Alle spesies het 'n afname in die gemiddelde wortel massa veroorsaak, behalwe N. solani + P. citrophthora, wat die gemiddelde wortel massa laat toeneem. Isolasies is gemaak van die wortels van ingeëntde Carrizo citrange onderstam saailinge. Isolasiestudies het getoon dat die Neocosmospora spp. was een van die mees geïsoleerde spesies (isolasie bereik 62.1 tot 67.5%). Die kombinasie van P. nicotianae + P. irregulare s.s. het die hoogste persentasie wortels besmet met P. irregulare s.s. (61.7%). Phytophthora citrophthora en P. nicotianae is ook van saailingwortels geïsoleer. Die persentasie wortels wat met P. citrophthora besmet is, wissel van 24.2 tot 45.4%, terwyl die persentasie wortels wat met P. nicotianae besmet is, wissel van 20.8 tot 45.0%. Patogene opsporing en kwantifisering is bepaal deur kwantitatiewe in-tyd PKR (kPKR) met behulp van die nuwe en bestaande merkers. Die gemiddelde DNS-konsentrasies van P. irregulare het gewissel van 1.6x10⁻⁴ tot 2.7x10⁻³ ng/μL. Gemiddelde DNS-konsentrasies van P. citrophthora was tussen 0 en 2.5x10⁻⁴ ng/μL, en vir P. nicotianae was dit van 1.7x10⁻² tot 6.4x10⁻² ng/μL. Die gemiddelde Neocosmospora DNS-konsentrasies wissel van 1.1x10⁻³ tot 2.9x10⁻² ng/μL. Die qPCR-toetse het P. irregulare, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae, N. solani, N. ferruginea en N. citricola suksesvol opgespoor en gekwantifiseer uit sitruswortels. Dit kan veral belangrik wees, aangesien dit 'n nuwe geleentheid bied om die patogeenpopulasies van sitrus herplantings en hul interaksies te ontleed.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
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