Personal protective equipment and infection prevention and control measures used by healthcare workers for early childhood intervention : a scoping review with specific relevance for speech-language therapists practising in South Africa

Date
2024-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Background: Within low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) such as South Africa, there is an increased risk of children acquiring developmental delays due to the prevalence of infectious diseases and high-risk environments. Early childhood intervention (ECI) can provide long-term benefits to children at risk of developmental delays and has a positive impact on brain maturation, as it takes place during the peak of neural plasticity from birth to three years of age. Since a delay in language acquisition is often the first sign of a developmental delay, speech-language therapists (SLTs) have a key role in developing communication skills through early communication intervention. A delay in the provision of ECI can negatively impact the success of services. During the Covid-19 pandemic, all routine healthcare services were disrupted. One clear strategy to reduce the spread of infectious diseases is the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection prevention and control (IPC) measures. All healthcare workers (HCWs) involved in ECI should be aware of effective PPE and IPC measures to ensure the continuation of services in the event of future infectious disease outbreaks. Research aims: This research study aimed to identify and describe the PPE and IPC measures used by HCWs in ECI as reported in the existing international literature, using a scoping review (steps 1-5). In addition, South African stakeholders were consulted to investigate how SLTs who provide early communication intervention in the local context relate to the research findings (step 6 of the scoping review). Method: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR framework. A total of 14 studies, none of which were older than 10 years at the time of review, were included in steps 1-5 of the scoping review. Due to limited available literature on PPE and IPC measures used by SLTs in early communication intervention, the researcher included a consultation phase (step 6) which investigated the perceptions of South African SLTs with regard to the research findings. The consultation took the form of focus group discussions. A pilot study and main study were conducted involving altogether 17 clinicians. The data from steps 1-6 were analysed using numerical and thematic analysis. Findings: The scoping review of existing literature highlighted the need for infection control in ECI, as infants and toddlers are highly susceptible to infectious diseases. The main barriers to infection control in ECI included infrastructure and system challenges, poor IPC compliance, and a lack of HCW training. There was little reflection on the nature of care and behaviour of young children which can reduce the effectiveness of IPC measures (e.g., close physical contact, increased exposure to bodily fluids, and the reliance on caregivers). Stakeholders agreed with the research findings and reported additional challenges to using PPE and IPC measures in early communication intervention. These included face masks which reduced the quality of the SLTs’ speech signal and ability to provide visual cues as a therapy technique, as well as a lack of consideration for populations with special needs. There was an evident need for guidance on providing optimal early intervention services without reducing the effectiveness of IPC measures. Conclusion: This study described PPE and IPC measures available to HCWs providing ECI, including early communication intervention. Several challenges were identified which may reduce the effectiveness of early intervention services and/or IPC measures. An awareness and understanding of these challenges can benefit future research efforts which focus on improving ECI services whilst maintaining IPC standards.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: In lae-tot-middel-inkomste lande (LMIL) soos Suid-Afrika is daar 'n verhoogde risiko dat kinders ontwikkelingsagterstande opdoen as gevolg van die prevalensie van aansteeklike siektes en hoe risiko omgewings. Vroee kinderintervensie (VKI) kan langtermynvoordele bied aan kinders met ‘n risiko vir ontwikkelingsagterstande en het 'n positiewe impak op die maturasie van die brein, aangesien dit plaasvind tydens die hoogtepunt van neurale plastisiteit vanaf geboorte tot die ouderdom van drie jaar. Aangesien 'n vertraging in taalverwerwing dikwels die eerste teken van 'n ontwikkelingsagterstand is, speel spraak-taalterapeute (STTe) 'n sleutelrol in die ontwikkeling van kommunikasievaardighede deur vroee kommunikasieintervensie. 'n Vertraging in die verskaffing van VKI kan die sukses van dienste negatief beinvloed. Tydens die Covid-19-pandemie is alle roetine-gesondheidsorgdienste ontwrig. Een duidelike strategie om die verspreiding van aansteeklike siektes te verminder, is die gebruik van persoonlike beskermende toerusting (PBT) en infeksievoorkoming en -beheer (IVB) maatreels. Alle gesondheidswerkers (GW) wat by VKI betrokke is, moet bewus wees van doeltreffende PBT- en IVB-maatreels om die voortsetting van dienste te verseker in die geval van toekomstige uitbrake van aansteeklike siektes. Navorsingsdoelwitte: Hierdie navorsingstudie het ten doel gehad om die PBT- en IVB-maatreels wat deur GW in VKI gebruik word te identifiseer en te beskryf, soos gerapporteer in die bestaande internasionale literatuur met behulp van 'n omvangsbepaling (stappe 1-5). Daarbenewens is Suid-Afrikaanse belanghebbendes geraadpleeg om ondersoek in te stel na hoe STTe wat vroee kommunikasie-intervensie in die plaaslike konteks verskaf, aansluiting vind by die navorsingsbevindinge (stap 6 van die omvangsbepaling). Metode: 'n Omvangbepaling is uitgevoer in ooreenstemming met die PRISMA-ScR-raamwerk. Altesaam 14 studies, waarvan nie een ouer as 10 jaar was ten tye van die studie nie, is ingesluit in stappe 1-5 van die omvangbepaling. As gevolg van beperkte beskikbare literatuur oor PBT- en IVB-maatreels wat STTe in vroee kommunikasie-intervensie gebruik, het die navorser 'n konsultasiefase (stap 6) ingesluit wat die persepsies van Suid-Afrikaanse STTe ten opsigte van die navorsingsbevindinge ondersoek het. Die konsultasie het die vorm van fokusgroepbesprekings aangeneem. 'n Loodsstudie en hoofstudie is uitgevoer waarby altesaam 17 klinici betrokke was. Die data van stappe 1-6 is met behulp van numeriese en tematiese analise ontleed. Bevindinge: Die omvangsbepaling van bestaande literatuur het die behoefte aan infeksiebeheer in VKI beklemtoon, aangesien babas en kleuters baie vatbaar is vir aansteeklike siektes. Die belangrikste hindernisse vir infeksiebeheer in VKI sluit in infrastruktuur- en stelseluitdagings, swak IVB-getrouheid en 'n gebrek aan opleiding van GW. Daar was min besinning oor die aard van sorg aan, en die gedrag van jong kinders wat die effektiwiteit van IVB-maatreëls kan verminder (byvoorbeeld noue fisiese kontak, verhoogde blootstelling aan liggaamsvloeistowwe en die afhanklikheid van versorgers). Belanghebbendes het met die navorsingsbevindinge saamgestem en bykomende uitdagings gerapporteer vir die gebruik van PBT en IVB-maatreels in vroee kommunikasie intervensie. Dit sluit in gesigsmaskers wat die kwaliteit van die STTe se spraaksein verminder het en die vermoe om visuele leidrade as 'n terapietegniek te verskaf, asook 'n gebrek aan oorweging vir populasies met spesiale behoeftes. Daar was 'n duidelike behoefte aan leiding oor die verskaffing van optimale vroee intervensiedienste sonder om die doeltreffendheid van IVB-maatreels te verminder. Gevolgtrekking: Hierdie studie beskryf PBT en IVB maatreels wat beskikbaar is vir GW wat EKI verskaf, insluitend vroee kommunikasie intervensie. Verskeie uitdagings is geidentifiseer wat die doeltreffendheid van vroee intervensiedienste en/of IVB maatreels kan verminder. 'n Bewustheid en begrip van hierdie uitdagings kan toekomstige navorsing bevoordeel wat fokus op die verbetering van VKI-dienste, terwyl IVB standaarde gehandhaaf word.
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(Thesis (MSL&HT)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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