Understanding the needs and experiences of family caregivers of individuals with dementia in Soweto, a South African township

Date
2023-12
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an endeavour to comprehensively elucidate the intricate experiences and attendant needs of family caregivers tending to individuals with dementia, an in-depth exploration was undertaken within the unique socio-cultural confines of Soweto, a predominantly Black African township in South Africa. Utilising purposive sampling procedures, an ensemble of thirty family caregivers was interviewed utilizing an open-ended, semi-structured approach. The research drew on Reflective Thematic Analysis (RTA) and the Classifcaton System for Personal Constructs (CSPC) to enhance its analytical rigour. Thus, ensuring a nuanced distillation of essential themes that traversed caregivers' perceptions, challenges, resilience, environmental contingencies, and explicitly stated needs. At the forefront, a paradigmatic shift in the epistemological understanding of dementia emerged. Displacing the historically entrenched cultural or spiritual narratives, there emerged an evolving, sophisticated comprehension of dementia, albeit interspersed with significant caregiving challenges. Importantly, the psychological toll of dementia caregiving precipitated a range of adverse mental health outcomes, most saliently stress, anxiety, and pronounced grief responses. Exacerbating this dynamic was the omnipresent socio-economic milieu emblematic of townships. Issues ranging from entrenched poverty, structural unemployment, endemic crime, and myriad practical challenges served not only as backdrop but as amplifiers to the caregiving burden. Notwithstanding these adversities, caregivers manifested a profound resilience. Their discursive constructs, imbued with themes of mastery, self-efficacy, resilience, and altruistic commitment, underscored their intrinsic adaptive capacities. Yet, it is pivotal to recognize that such resilience, whilst meritorious, necessitates an encompassing support framework to stave of potential deleterious outcomes, including burnout. Caregivers emphasised the need for tailored measures that focus specifically on dementia, both in terms of legislation and interventions. The scope of their advocacy efforts spanned a wide range, including direct service provision, comprehensive psychoeducational initiatives, and capacity-building endeavours. Simultaneously, there was a clear focus on raising awareness at the grassroots level, allocating resources strategically, and implementing comprehensive policy initiatives. The grassroots-level expressions were found to align strongly with the recommended guidelines set forth by Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI) for an effective National Dementia Plan. This underscores the existing lack of policy in South Africa's dementia care system. In conclusion, this doctoral study presents a scholarly and comprehensive analysis of the complex and interconnected relationships between individual psychosocial factors, sociocultural complexity, and broader contextual influences that shape the experience of caring for individuals with dementia in the intricate social environments of South African townships. The findings emphasise the need for a comprehensive intervention strategy that involves many levels, policy adjustments, and a complete restructuring of the system. The act of mobilising and providing assistance to pre-existing community resources, such as the implementation of memory clinics in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions, can play a role in enhancing the quality of care, support, and resources available to families impacted by dementia.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 'n poging om die ingewikkelde ervarings en gepaardgaande behoefes van gesinsversorgers wat individue met demensie versorg, volledig toe te lig, is 'n in-diepte verkenning binne die unieke sosio-kulturele grense van Soweto, 'n oorwegend Swart Afrikaanse nedersetng in Suid-Afrika, onderneem. Deur gebruik te maak van doelgerigte steekproefprosedures, is onderhoude gevoer met 'n samestelling van dertg gesinsversorgers deur 'n oop-einde, semi-gestruktureerde benadering te gebruik. Die navorsing het gebruik gemaak van Refektewe Tematese Analise (RTA) en die Klassifkasiestelsel vir Persoonlike Konstruksies (CSPC) om die analitese strengheid daarvan te verbeter. Verseker dus 'n genuanseerde distllasie van noodsaaklike temas wat versorgers se persepsies, uitdagings, veerkragtgheid, omgewingsgebeurlikhede en eksplisiet gestelde behoefes deurkruis het. Aan die voorpunt het 'n paradigmatese verskuiwing in die epistemologiese begrip van demensie na vore gekom. Deur die histories verskanste kulturele of geestelike narratewe te verdring, het daar 'n ontwikkelende, gesofstkeerde begrip van demensie na vore gekom, al is dit afgewissel met beduidende versorgingsuitdagings. Wat belangrik is, is dat die sielkundige tol van demensieversorging 'n reeks nadelige geestesgesondheidsuitkomste veroorsaak het, veral stres, angs en uitgesproke hartseerreaksies. Om hierdie dinamiek te vererger, was die alomteenwoordige sosio-ekonomiese milieu embleem van nedersetngs. Kwessies wat wissel van verskanste armoede, strukturele werkloosheid, endemiese misdaad en talle praktese uitdagings het nie net as agtergrond gedien nie, maar as versterkers tot die versorgingslas. Ten spyte van hierdie teëspoed, het versorgers 'n diepgaande veerkragtgheid geopenbaar. Hulle diskursiewe konstrukte, deurdrenk met temas van bemeestering, selfdoeltrefendheid, veerkragtgheid en altruïstese toewyding, het hul intrinsieke aanpassingsvermoëns onderstreep. Tog is dit van kardinale belang om te erken dat sulke veerkragtgheid, alhoewel verdienstelik, 'n omvatende ondersteuningsraamwerk noodsaak om potensiële nadelige uitkomste, insluitend uitbranding, af te weer. Versorgers het die behoefe aan pasgemaakte maatreëls beklemtoon wat spesifek op demensie fokus, beide in terme van wetgewing en intervensies. Die omvang van hul voorspraakpogings het 'n wye reeks gestrek, insluitend direkte diensverskafng, omvatende psigo-opvoedkundige inisiatewe en kapasiteitsbou-pogings. Terselfdertyd was daar 'n duidelike fokus op bewusmaking op voetsoolvlak, strategiese toewysing van hulpbronne en die implementering van omvatende beleidsinisiatewe. Daar is gevind dat die uitdrukkings op grondvlak sterk ooreenstem met die aanbevole riglyne soos uiteengesit deur Alzheimer's Disease Internatonal (ADI) vir 'n doeltrefende Nasionale Demensie Plan. Dit beklemtoon die bestaande gebrek aan beleid in Suid-Afrika se demensiesorgstelsel. Ten slote bied hierdie doktorale studie 'n wetenskaplike en omvatende ontleding aan van die komplekse en onderling gekoppelde verhoudings tussen individuele psigososiale faktore, sosio-kulturele kompleksiteite en breër kontekstuele invloede wat die ervaring van die versorging van individue met demensie in die ingewikkelde sosiale omgewings van Suid-Afrikaanse nedersetngs vorm. Die bevindinge beklemtoon die behoefe aan 'n omvatende intervensiestrategie wat baie vlakke, beleidsaanpassings en 'n volledige herstrukturering van die stelsel behels. Die mobilisering van en hulpverlening aan voorafestaande gemeenskapshulpbronne, soos die implementering van geheueklinieke in sosio-ekonomies benadeelde streke, kan 'n rol speel in die verbetering van die kwaliteit van sorg, ondersteuning en hulpbronne wat beskikbaar is aan gesinne wat deur demensie geraak word.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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