Developing zero-waste baselines to identify compressed air system inefficiencies in deep-level mines.

Date
2023-02
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As one of the main exporting industries of South Africa, the gold mining industry has seen a decrease in gold exports in past years. A weakening economy and rolling blackouts prompt Eskom to increase it’s tariff to battle the lack of supply and ever-increasing demand. As the price of electricity increases, the operating costs of mines increase, due to the high reliance on electricity by the mines. The largest electricity consumer on deep-level mines are the compressors and compressed air system. Not only is compressed air the largest consumer of electricity, it was determined to be a very ineffective and inefficient system due to numerous losses and improper use of the resources. Between 30 and 40 % of savings can be realized if the compressed air system inefficiencies are repaired. This highlights the need to identify, localise and quantify the inefficiencies in the compressed air system, with the goal to reduce the overall operating costs of the compressed air system. The compressed air system consists of the supply side, which are the compressors, the distribution network, which is the network of pipes, valves and meters, and lastly, the demand side, which is all the equipment which consumes the compressed air to function. Some unavoidable losses found in the compressed air network are friction losses, however, these losses only reduce pressure and not mass flow. The phenomenon auto compression can also increase pressures in lower levels, due to the weight of the air. Optimal operation of a system can be described as the best achievable performance of the system in question. Optimal performance can be compared to a system performing with zero waste. Zerowaste on the other hand, is a concept and paradigm which challenges operation design to limit and minimise wastages in any given system, either by recycling or optimizing the system. With these concepts in mind, the zero-waste baseline concept was derived as a comparative performance indicator of any given system. Using the zero-waste baseline, a method was developed to identify, localise and quantify compressed air system inefficiencies, by comparing the actual performance of the system with the developed zero-waste baselines. These baselines are developed based on the demand side equipment and the time of use of the specified equipment. With the principle of mass conservation, the difference between actual performance and the zerowaste baseline can be calculated and is then defined as the wastages and inefficiencies in the compressed air system. The zero-waste baseline method was tested on a deep-level gold mine. The major consuming equipment were determined to be refuge bays, pneumatic drills, pneumatic cylinders and pneumatic loaders. It was found that this mine wasted 229 MWh every day, which is equal to R300 622 per day. After physical audits of the major underground levels, the error of the waste calculation was calculated to be 4 %. Therefore, this method can be implemented to determine where the largest wastages are and assist in fixing these wastages
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Goud is een van die grootste produkte wat in Suid Africa uitgevoer word, maar die bedryf is besig om laer gehalte en verlaagde hoeveelhede goud uit te voer. ’n Verswakende ekonomie, krag onderbrekings en ’n verhoogde elektrisiteit tarief is verdere nagevolge van Eskom wat nie genoeg elektrisiteit kan opwek om by die aanoudende groeiende vraag na elektrisiteit te bevredig. Soos wat die elektrisieit tarief toeneem, neem die bedryfskostes van die goud-myn-bedryf toe, as gevolg van die afhanklikheid wat die myn-bedryf of elektrisiteit het. Daar was bevind dat die saamgepersde lug-sisteem baie oneffektief en ondoeltreffend is, as gevolg van verskeie ondoeltreffendhede en misbruik van die lug in die sisteem. Tussen 30 % en 40 % van die elektrisiteits kostes kan gespaar word as al die ondoeltreffendhede verwyder word. Hierdie verhoogde eletrisiteitskostes beklemtoon die belangrikheid om die ondoeltreffendhede to identifiseer, lokaliseer en te kwantifiseer. Die saamgepersde lug-sisteem bestaan uit beide ’n verskaffings-kant, wat die kompressors is, ’n verspreidings-netwerk, wat die pype, kleppe en sensors is, en ’n vraag-kant, wat al die toerusting insluit wat die saamgepersde lug gebruik. Van die onvermydelike ondoeltreffendhede in die saamgepersde lug-sisteem is as gevolg van wrywing in die pyp netwerk. Let wel, dat wrywing slegs die druk in die sisteem verminder en nie die massa vloei in die sisteem nie. Verder is daar autokompressie in die sisteem wat bydra tot die verhoogde druk in die sisteem, as gevolg van die saamgepersde lug se eie gewig. Optimale operasie van ’n sisteem kan beskryf word as die beste behaalbare toestand van die sisteem. Optimale operasie kan vergelyk word met ’n sisteem wat geen vermorsings produseer. Nul-vermorsing is ’n paradigma en konsep wat die traditionele ontwerp van operasies uitdaag om eerder te streef na produksie van geen vermorsings, deur die vermorsings te herwin of om die sisteem te optimaliseer. Met hierdie definisies in gedagte, was die nul-vermorsing basislyn konsep afgelei as ’n vergelykende toestand indikator van enige toepasbare sisteem. Deur van die nul-vermosring basislyn gebruik te maak, was daar ’n metode ontwerp wat die ondoeltreffendhede in die sisteem identifiseer, lokaliseer en kwantifiseer. Hierdie basislyne word ontwikkel deur die toerusting wat die saamgepersde lug gebruik te identifiseer en die hoeveelheid lug wat die toerusting deur die dag gebruik, saam te tel. Die verskil tussen die nul-vermorsing basislyn en die werklike toestand van die sisteem kan gedefinieer word as die vermorsings en ondoeltreffendhede in die sisteem. Die nul-vermorsing basislyn metode was getoets op ’n diep-vlak myn. Die grootste lug-verbruikende toerusting was geidentifiseer as veiligheids kamers, pneumatiese bore, pneumatiese silinders en pneumatiese laaiers. Daar was bevind dat die myn 229 MWh elke dag vermors, wat gelykstaande is aan R300 622 per dag. Nadat fisiese ondergrondse audits gedoen is, was daar bevind dat die metode afwyk met 4 % van die werkilike toestand. Daarom kan die metode gebruik word om die ondoeltreffendhede to lokaliseer.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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