Characterising persister growth in response to environmental conditions using a biofilm model

Date
2023-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The rise in antibiotic therapy failure worldwide poses a serious threat to successful tuberculosis (TB) treatment. This is partly due to a subpopulation of cells known as persisters. Persisters possess the ability to switch to a temporary drug tolerant state, avoiding the action of antimicrobials thereby contributing to the lengthy TB treatment regimen and high treatment failure rates. Persister formation is thought to be influenced by various environmental conditions. Biofilms offer a model system to study persister formation and physiology since cells harboured within biofilms are exposed to heterogeneous environments with varying levels of oxygen and nutrients. Moreover, biofilms are enriched for persister cells and can withstand antibiotic treatment and can thus serve as an appropriate model to study the nature of persisters. Previously the isolation and characterisation of these persisters proved to be challenging using standard culture techniques, slowing the progress in research. However, with the development and validation of techniques using fluorescence dilution and flow cytometry, we are now offered insight into the microbial lifestyle at a single cell level. The fluorescence dilution reporter system carries a constitutive green fluorescent protein used as a marker of viability and an inducible red fluorescent protein used to monitor bacterial replication. We attempted to utilise a hydrodynamic flow cell system as an in vitro biofilm model to investigate bacterial growth and replication dynamics. However, further use of this system was abandoned as bacteria failed to adhere to the substratum, preventing further applications. The widely used microtiter plate assay was then employed to carry out all objectives of this study. Protocol modification and optimisation were performed to incorporate the use of the reporter strain, and to remove and disperse the cells. Results showed changes in cell morphology after exposure to biofilm microenvironments, particularly the presence of shorter rods and more circular shapes. The bacterial replication dynamics of biofilm cell populations revealed a subpopulation of cells that retained high levels of red fluorescent intensity, potentially indicative of persisters/persister like cells. We then explored spatial growth patterns in biofilms to determine cell localisation in response to induction using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. This provided overall mapping of the pellicle structure and showed evidence of individual cells expressing red fluorescent intensity. The findings of this study provide insight into the use of a biofilm model to study persisters by Imaging Flow Cytometry and a starting point for further study incorporating quantitative assessment of intact biofilm structures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toename in antibiotika-terapiemislukking wêreldwyd hou ‘n ernstige bedreiging in vir suksesvolle tuberkulose (TB) behandeling. Dit is deels as gevolg van ‘n subpopulasie van selle bekend as persisters. Persisters beskik oor die vermoë om oor te skakel na ‘n tydelike dwelmverdraagsame toestand, wat die werking van antimikrobiese middels vermy en sodoende bydra tot die langdurige TB-behandelingsregime en hoë behandelingsmislukkingskoerse. Aanhoudende vorming word vermoedelik deur verskeie omgewingstoestande beïnvloed. Biofilms bied ‘n modelstelsel om aanhoudende vorming en fisiologie te bestudeer aangesien selle wat binne biofilms gehuisves word, blootgestel word aan heterogene omgewings met verskillende vlakke van suurstof en voedingstowwe. Biofilms is boonop verryk vir persisterselle en kan antibiotiese behandeling weerstaan en kan dus dien as ‘n gepaste model om die aard van persisters te bestudeer. Voorheen was die isolasie en karakterisering van hierdie persisters uitdagend deur gebruik te maak van standaardkultuurtegnieke, wat die vordering in navorsing vertraag het. Met die ontwikkeling en validering van tegnieke wat fluoressensieverdunning en vloeisitometrie gebruik, word ons nou egter insig in die mikrobiese lewenstyl op ‘n enkele selvlak gebied. As sodanig het ons gepoog om ‘n hidrodinamiese vloeiselstelsel as ‘n in vitro biofilmmodel te gebruik om bakteriese groei en replikasie dinamika te ondersoek. Die fluoressensieverdunningsverslaggewerstelsel dra 'n konstitutiewe groen fluoresserende proteïen wat gebruik word as 'n merker van lewensvatbaarheid en 'n induseerbare rooi fluoresserende proteïen wat gebruik word om bakteriese replikasie te monitor. Verdere gebruik van hierdie stelsel is egter laat vaar aangesien bakterieë nie aan die substratum vasgeheg het nie, wat enige verdere toedienings verhoed het. Die wyd gebruikte mikrotiterplaattoets is dan aangewend om alle doelwitte in hierdie studie uit te voer. Protokolmodifikasie en optimalisering is ingestel om die gebruik van die verslaggewerstam te inkorporeer, om die selle te verwyder en te versprei. Resultate het veranderinge in selmorfologie getoon na blootstelling aan biofilm-mikro-omgewings, veral die teenwoordigheid van korter stawe en meer sirkelvormige vorms. Die bakteriese replikasie dinamika van biofilm sel populasies het ‘n subpopulasie van selle aan die lig gebring wat hoë vlakke van rooi fluoresserende intensiteit behou het wat moontlik ‘n aanduiding is van persisters/persister soos selle. Ons het daarna gepoog om ruimtelike groeipatrone in biofilms te verken om sellokalisering te bepaal in reaksie op induksie deur gebruik te maak van Konfokale Laserskanderingsmikroskopie. Dit het ‘n algehele kartering van die pellikelstruktuur verskaf en bewyse getoon van individuele selle wat rooi fluoresserende intensiteit uitdruk. Bevindinge van hierdie studie bied insig in die gebruik van ‘n biofilmmodel om persisters te bestudeer deur Imaging Flow Sitometry en ‘n beginpunt vir verdere studie wat kwantitatiewe assessering van heterogene selpopulasies in intakt biofilmstrukture insluit.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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