Developing algebraic reasoning in the intermediate phase to encourage critical thinking: a case study of teachers

Date
2023-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mathematics is esteemed in curricula and society as a subject that embodies the highest standard of knowledge. Mathematics is a form of language that can represent a numerical idea using numbers, letters, and symbols in algebra to encourage logical and critical thinking in learners. In addition, algebra is a cognitive process that can be used as a channel to review learners’ algebraic reasoning abilities because it is viewed as a cognitive process. As a result, algebraic reasoning requires teachers’ attention to assist learners in developing critical thinking. This study explored how teachers in the intermediate phase use critical thinking (CT) to encourage the development of algebraic reasoning (AR). In addition, this study explores how teachers use pattern tasks to engage and encourage learners to think critically to develop algebraic reasoning when solving problems. This study focused on the Intermediate Phase, which consists of Grade 4, Grade 5 and Grade 6 learners. Only Grades 5 and 6 were used as a sample for the focus group interview. The researcher presumed that Grade 4 learners could be overwhelmed by the concepts of this study, and due to time constraints, they could not be included. A mixed-method approach of quantitative and qualitative methods was adopted to accomplish the research objective. The qualitative methods included a literature review, lesson observation and interviews with the participating teachers, focusing on evaluation methods provided by CAPS. The quantitative methods include focus groups and post- reflective questionnaires, which helped to understand learners’ responses to CT questions in Grades 5 and 6 for AR development and teachers’ perception of CT. The results at the end of the research showed that teachers’ perceptions had been stimulated, and they had gained more understanding of what CT is and how it can be implemented in their math lessons. The focus group interview and lesson observations also showed learners’ reasoning for AR development when they engaged in the pattern task. Finally, the results showed that both Grade 5 and 6 learners need more practice with their generalisation reasoning. Consequently, it is recommended that CT questions should be part of every mathematics lesson to develop learners’ skills in analysing and justifying its generalisation for the development of algebraic reasoning.
XHOSA ABSTRACT: Izibalo zixatyiswe kakhulu kwiikharityhulam nakuluntu njengesifundo esibonisa owona mgangatho uphakamileyo wolwazi. Izibalo luhlobo lolwimi olunokumela uluvo lwamanani kusetyenziswa amanani, oonobumba, neesimboli kwialjibra ukukhuthaza ukuba abafundi bacinge ngokunzulu kwaye bazikise ukucinga. Ukongeza, i-aljibra yinkqubo yokuqonda enokusetyenziswa njengejelo lokuphonononga ulwazi lwabafundi malunga nokuqiqa ngealjebra kuba ijongwa njengenkqubo yokuqonda. Ngenxa yoko, ukuqiqa ngealjibra kufuna ukuba utitshala athathele ingqalelo ukunceda abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukucinga nzulu. Olu phononongo luphonononge indlela ootitshala besigaba esiphakathi abasebenzisa ngayo ukucinga okunzulu (CT) ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lokuqiqa nge-algebraic (AR). Ukongeza, olu phononongo luphonononga indlela ootitshala abasebenzisa ngayo imisebenzi yeepateni ukuzibandakanya nokukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacinge nzulu ukuze baphuhlise ukuqiqa kwealjibra xa besombulula iingxaki. Olu phononongo lujolise kwiSigaba esiPhakathi, esinabafundi beBanga lesi-4, iBanga lesi-5 neBanga lesi-6. Kuphela ngamaBakala 5 no-6 asetyenziswa njengesampulu kudliwano-ndlebe lweqela ekugxilwe kulo. Umphandi ucingele ukuba abafundi beBanga lesi-4 banokonganyelwa ziikhonsepthi zolu phando, kwaye ngenxa yokunqongophala kwexesha, abanakufakwa. Indlela exubeneyo yeendlela zobuninzi kunye nekhwalithi yamkelwa ukufezekisa injongo yophando. Iindlela ezisemgangathweni zibandakanya uphononongo loncwadi, ukuqwalaselwa kwezifundo nodliwano-ndlebe nootitshala abathatha inxaxheba, kugxininiswe kwiindlela zovavanyo ezibonelelwa yiCAPS. Iindlela zokubala zibandakanya amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo kunye neekhweshine zasemva kokucamngca, eziye zanceda ekuqondeni iimpendulo zabafundi kwimibuzo ye-CT kumaBakala 5 no-6 kuphuhliso lwe-AR kunye nembono yootitshala nge-CT. Iziphumo ekupheleni kophando zibonise ukuba iimbono zootitshala ziye zavuselelwa, kwaye baye baqonda ngakumbi ukuba yintoni i-CT kunye nokuba inokuphunyezwa njani kwizifundo zabo zezibalo. Udliwano-ndlebe lweqela ekugxilwe kulo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwezifundo kwakhona kubonise ukuqiqa kwabafundi kuphuhliso lwe-AR xa besenza umsebenzi wepatheni. Okokugqibela, iziphumo zabonisa ukuba abafundi beBanga lesi-5 nelesi-6 bafuna uqheliselo oluthe kratya ngokuqiqa kwabo ngokubanzi. Ngako oko, kucetyiswa ukuba imibuzo yeCT ifanele ukuba yinxalenye yesifundo ngasinye semathematika ukuphuhlisa izakhono zabafundi ekuhlalutyeni nasekuthetheleleni ukudityaniswa kwayo ngokubanzi kuphuhliso lokuqiqa ngealjibra.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wiskunde word in kurrikulums en die samelewing geag as 'n vak wat die hoogste standaard van kennis vergestalt. Wiskunde is 'n vorm van taal wat 'n numeriese idee kan verteenwoordig deur syfers, letters en simbole in algebra te gebruik om logiese en kritiese denke by leerders aan te moedig. Omdat dit as 'n kognitiewe proses beskou word, kan algebra as 'n kanaal gebruik word om leerders se algebraïese redenasievermoëns te hersien. Gevolglik vereis algebraïese redenering onderwysers se aandag om leerders te help om kritiese denke te ontwikkel. Hierdie studie het ondersoek hoe onderwysers in die intermediêre fase kritiese denke (KD (CT in Engels)) gebruik om die ontwikkeling van algebraïese redenasie (AR) aan te moedig. Daarbenewens ondersoek hierdie studie hoe onderwysers patroontake gebruik om leerders te betrek en aan te moedig om krities te dink om algebraïese redenasie te ontwikkel wanneer probleme opgelos word. Hierdie studie het gefokus op die Intermediêre Fase, wat uit graad 4-, graad 5- en graad 6-leerders bestaan. Slegs graad 5 en 6 is as steekproef vir die fokusgroeponderhoud gebruik. Die navorser het aangeneem dat graad 4-leerders oorweldig kon word deur die konsepte van hierdie studie, en weens tydsbeperkings kon hulle nie ingesluit word nie. 'n Gemengde-metode-benadering van kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodes is gebruik om die navorsingsdoelwit te bereik. Die kwalitatiewe metodes het 'n literatuuroorsig, leswaarneming en onderhoude met die deelnemende onderwysers ingesluit, met die fokus op evalueringsmetodes wat deur die KABV (CAPS in Engels) verskaf is. Die kwantitatiewe metodes sluit fokusgroepe en post-reflektiewe vraelyste in, wat gehelp het om leerders se antwoorde op RT-vrae in graad 5 en 6 vir AR-ontwikkeling en onderwysers se persepsie van RT te verstaan. Die resultate aan die einde van die navorsing het getoon dat onderwysers se persepsies gestimuleer is, en hulle het meer begrip gekry van wat KD is en hoe dit in hul wiskundelesse geïmplementeer kan word. Die fokusgroeponderhoud en leswaarnemings het ook leerders se redenasie vir AR-ontwikkeling getoon wanneer hulle by die patroontaak betrokke was. Laastens het die resultate getoon dat beide graad 5- en 6-leerders meer oefening nodig het met hul veralgemeningsredenering. Gevolglik word dit aanbeveel dat KD-vrae deel van elke wiskundeles moet wees om leerders se vaardighede in analisering en die veralgemening daarvan vir die ontwikkeling van algebraïese redenasie te ontwikkel.
Description
Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
Keywords
Algebraic logic
Citation