Research Articles (Speech-Language and Hearing Therapy)

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Children with HIV : a scoping review of auditory processing skills
(Public Library of Science, 2019) Dawood, Gouwa; Klop, Daleen; Olivier, Elrietha; Elliott, Haley; Pillay, Mershen
Introduction: Auditory processing disorders can negatively affect academic performance in children. They can result from a number of aetiologies, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although studies in paediatrics are limited, research suggests that HIV-infected children display poorer auditory processing skills than uninfected children. Methods: The aims of this study were to scan the peer-reviewed literature on auditory processing skills in HIV-infected children, to describe how auditory processing was tested, how auditory processing skills were reported, and to identify gaps in current evidence. This systematic scoping review was conducted using a modified version of Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Key words comprised ‘HIV’, ‘auditory processing’, ‘hearing’ and ‘child’. Electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published from 1 January 2000 to 30 April 2018, and reference lists of included studies were pearled. Two researchers reviewed the articles and extracted data on sample descriptors, auditory processing testing procedures, and auditory processing skills. A third author collated the results and resolved discrepancies. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association description of auditory processing skills framed the analysis. Results: Five articles were included in this review (three from Brazil, one each from Mexico and Tanzania). Samples, and methods of testing were heterogeneous. Three studies reported on localization abilities, while gap detection thresholds, performance on dichotic tasks and speech discrimination scores were reported in one article each. No one study tested all areas of auditory processing skills and there was limited information about the auditory processing skills required for learning. Conclusion:This review highlighted the current sparse evidence-base for auditory processing in HIV-infected children. It identified the need to standardise testing procedures, measures of auditory processing skills, and sample selection.
Costs involved in using a cochlear implant in South Africa
(AOSIS Publishing, 2012-12) Kerr, Gillian; Tuomi, Seppo; Muller, Alida
Cochlear implantation is an expensive but effective lifelong intervention for individuals with a severe-to-profound hearing loss. The primary aim of this study was to survey the short- and long-term costs of cochlear implantation. Individuals (N=154) using cochlear implants obtained from the University of Stellenbosch-Tygerberg Hospital Cochlear Implant Unit in Cape Town, South Africa were surveyed using a questionnaire and patient record review. The questionnaire used a combination of closed and open-ended questions to gather both quantitative and qualitative information. Costs were categorised as short- and long-term costs. All costs were converted to constant rands (June 2010) using the Consumer Price Index to allow for comparison in real terms over time. In the first 10 years of implantation the average estimated costs incurred by adults totalled R379 626, and by children R455 225. The initial purchase of the implant system was the most substantial cost, followed by upgrading of the processor. Travel and accommodation costs peaked in the first 2 years. On average the participants spent R2 550 per year on batteries and spares. Rehabilitation for children cost an average of R7 200. Insurance costs averaged R4 040 per year, and processor repairs R3 000 each. In addition to the upfront expense of obtaining the cochlear implant system, individuals using a cochlear implant in South Africa should be prepared for the long-term costs of maintenance, accessing the unit, support services and additional costs associated with use. Knowledge of these costs is important to ensure that individuals are successful users of their cochlear implants in the long term.
The effect of two different visual presentation modalities on the narratives of mainstream grade 3 children
(AOSIS Publishing, 2013-11) Klop, Daleen; Engelbrecht, Lizanne
Objective: This study investigated whether a dynamic visual presentation method (a soundless animated video presentation) would elicit better narratives than a static visual presentation method (a wordless picture book). Method: Twenty mainstream grade 3 children were randomly assigned to two groups and assessed with one of the visual presentation methods. Narrative performance was measured in terms of micro- and macrostructure variables. Microstructure variables included productivity (total number of words, total number of T-units), syntactic complexity (mean length of T-unit) and lexical diversity measures (number of different words). Macrostructure variables included episodic structure in terms of goal-attempt-outcome (GAO) sequences. Results: Both visual presentation modalities elicited narratives of similar quantity and quality in terms of the micro- and macrostructure variables that were investigated. Conclusion: Animation of picture stimuli did not elicit better narratives than static picture stimuli.
Hazard sign comprehension among illiterate adults
(Department of General Linguistics, University of Stellenbosch, 2007) Nicol, Amanda; Tuomi, Seppo
No abstract available.
Learning new words from an interactive electronic storybook intervention
(AOSIS, 2018) Klop, Daleen; Marais, Laurette; Msindwana, Amanda; De Wet, Febe
Background: Children who enter school with limited vocabulary knowledge are at risk for reading failure. This study investigated the efficacy of an interactive e-book, implemented as a mobile application, to facilitate vocabulary learning in Grade 1 isiXhosa-speaking children (n = 65). Objective: The purpose was to measure if an e-book intervention, specifically developed for use in the South African context, could facilitate the acquisition and retention of new words at different levels of lexical representation. Method: A randomised pre-test and/or post-test between-subject design was used where an experimental group that received the e-book intervention was compared to a control group before the control group received a delayed intervention. Follow-up testing was performed to measure retention of the new vocabulary after eight weeks. Mixed-model repeated-measure Analysis of Variance (ANOVAs) were used to determine differences between the participants in the experimental and control groups. Results: The short-term e-book intervention not only facilitated fast-mapping of new words but enabled participants to develop more robust lexical representations of the newly acquired words. Follow-up assessment showed that they retained their newly acquired word knowledge. Conclusion: Multimedia technology can be used to provide explicit and embedded vocabulary training to young children at risk for academic failure. These findings are particularly relevant for South African environments where there is limited parental support and lack of educational resources to promote vocabulary learning in young children.
Navigating professional roles in early literacy intervention: exploring the experiences of speech language therapy students, teachers and clinical tutors
(AOSIS Publishing, 2015) Oosthuizen, Helena; Klop, Daleen; Visser, Monique
Speech-language therapists (SLTs) in South Africa are increasingly considering alternative models of service delivery to children at risk for language and literacy development delays. A transprofessional model of collaboration allows SLTs and teachers to share responsibility for primary prevention of literacy difficulties. Previous research has identified several challenges with regard to effective collaboration between qualified professionals, indicating that specific opportunities need to be created for professionals to ‘cross over disciplinary lines’ to gain more insight into a profession other than their own. Student training presents a valuable opportunity for role-exchange between pre-professional SLTs and teachers. The article describes the experiences of teachers, undergraduate SLT students and tutors with regard to transdisciplinary collaboration in the foundation-phase classroom, according to the ‘embedded-explicit’ model. The authors argue that a more in-depth understanding of the different role-players’ perceptions of transdisciplinary collaboration will contribute to enhanced collaboration between SLTs and teachers.
The organisation of comprehensive audiological services in the Cape Province
(Health and Medical Publishing Group (HMPG), 1975) Du Toit, C. J.
There is an urgent need for comprehensive audiological services in South Africa to deal adequately with the problems of clinical, industrial and social medicine. The organisation built up in and around the Tygerberg Hospital is described, and may serve as a possible blueprint for what could be done in the rest of the country. In particular, the important role of the medical profession in the rehabilitation of hearing impaired children is described, as well as the influence this has on the education of these children.
The persistence of language disorders in a group of disadvantaged Grade 3 learners
(AOSIS, 2007) Klop, Daleen; Tuomi, Seppo K.
A strong correlation between early language impairment and academic failure has been suggested by past research. This follow-up cohort study of 25 monolingual, disadvantaged grade 3 learners investigated whether the language impairments diagnosed in their preschool year were still evident after 3 years of school attendance, maturation and speech-language therapy. The results verified the persistence of preschool language impairments, which have been associated with poor reading and academic failure.
Segmental speech timing at the phoneme and syllable levels in English and Afrikaans speaking white South African children
(AOSIS, 1989) Oosthuizen, Carol L.
Two aspects of segmental timing were acoustically measured in the speech production of 30 English and 30 Afrikaans speaking white South African children. These were VOT and medial stop closure duration in VCV nonsense syllables. In addition, medial vowel duration in CVC nonsense syllables was measured in English speakers. Comparisons were made between younger (mean age 4.25 years) and older (mean age 6.5 years) subjects in each language group. Graphical statistical methods revealed certain trends in the data. English speakers employed short- and long-lag VOT for voiced and voiceless stops while Afrikaans speakers used two short-lag categories. Contextually determined right-to-left timing effects were identified which were in agreement with the literature, with different rates of acquisition of medial stop closure duration rules being observed between the language groups.
Should we use philosophy to teach clinical communication skills?
(AOSIS Publishing, 2016) Gerber, Berna
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Effective communication between the doctor and patient is crucial for good quality health care. Yet, this form of communication is often problematic, which may lead to several negative consequences for both patients and doctors. Clinical communication skills have become important components of medical training programmes. The traditional approach is to teach students particular communication skills, such as listening to patients and asking open-ended questions. Despite their importance, such training approaches do not seem to be enough to deliver medical practitioners who are able and committed to communicate effectively with patients. This might be due to the pervasive negative influence of the medical profession’s (mistaken) understanding of itself as a natural science on doctor–patient communication. Doctors who have been trained according to a positivist framework may consider their only responsibility to be the physical treatment of physical disorders. They may thus have little regard for the patient’s psychological and social world and by extension for communication with the patient and/or their caregivers. To address this problem, I propose a curriculum, based on the academic field of philosophy, for teaching clinical communication.
Speech therapy students’ perceptions of authentic video cases in a theory module on child language disorders
(AOSIS, 2019) Oosthuizen, Helena
Background: Undergraduate speech-language therapy students often find it difficult to see the relevance of theoretical module content, which may negatively influence their motivation to learn. The real world of their future profession can be brought to life in the theory classroom by including authentic case study examples. Video case studies are well suited to illustrating communication disorders and may also be easier to remember and relate to information already in the long-term memory. Objectives: This article describes the perceptions of undergraduate students regarding the inclusion of authentic video cases in a theoretical module on developmental communication disorders. Methods: A qualitative, interpretivist research design was followed. Focus-group interviews were conducted with 22 second-year students in the programme B Speech-Language and Hearing Therapy. A modified contextualised content analysis approach was used to analyse interview data. Results: The use of authentic video cases was perceived positively by participants. Seeing a realistic example of a person with communication difficulties made it easier to understand, remember and engage with the module content. Participants also felt they could more easily imagine themselves in that clinical context, which seemed to (re-) awaken in them a sense of purpose and motivation. Being presented with real-life communication problems made them realise the relevance of their profession. However, participants experienced cognitive overload at times when the processing requirements of a task exceeded their available cognitive capacity. Conclusion: Video cases are valuable tools to enhance students’ engagement with theoretical content. To avoid cognitive overload, a scaffolded multimedia learning experience needs to be provided.
Struikelblokke in kruislinguistiese en -kulturele pediatriese spraak-taalterapie en strategiee vir die bevordering van kultuurveilige praktyke : 'n omvangsbepaling
(LitNet, 2021) Botha, Mariette; Gerber, Berna; Van der Merwe, Anita
In ’n kultureel en linguisties diverse land soos Suid-Afrika bestaan daar ’n belangrike behoefte om spraak-taalterapiedienste te lewer wat kultuurveilig van aard is. ’n Omvattende lys van strategiee wat terapeute kan volg om hierdie behoefte te vervul, ontbreek egter. ’n Lys van verwagte struikelblokke in kruislinguistiese en -kulturele praktyke kan spraak-taalterapeute (STT’s) help om voor te berei vir kruislinguistiese en -kulturele interaksies en om begrip, eerbied en empatie vir hul kliente te ontwikkel. Met die doel om ’n raamwerk vir kultuurveilige spraak-taalterapie-praktyke voor te stel, het hierdie omvangsbepaling internasionale en plaaslike literatuur deursoek vir die struikelblokke wat verwag kan word asook doeltreffende strategiee wat STT’s wereldwyd ontwikkel het waar hulle kruislinguisties en -kultureel praktiseer. Die aard en omvang van die navorsing wat reeds op die gebied van kruislinguistiese en -kulturele pediatriese spraak-taalterapie gedoen is, is ook bepaal. ’n Soekstrategie is as metode ontwikkel om toepaslike artikelsin elektroniese databasisse uit te wys. Twaalf artikels is in die omvangsbepaling ingesluit. Primere struikelblokke tydens kruislinguistiese en -kulturele spraak-taalterapie wat geidentifiseer is, het taal- en kommunikasiestruikelblokke, tekorte aan toepaslike evaluasie- en terapiemateriaal, en tekort aan toepaslike opleiding behels. Voorgestelde strategiee vir goeie kruislinguistiese en -kulturele spraak-taalterapie het bestaan uit die uitbreiding tot ’n meer diverse werkerskorps, die vestiging van goeie verstandhoudings met versorgers, en aanpassings in kommunikasie. Hierdie omvangsbepaling bied die enigste opsomming van die strategiee vir kruislinguistiese en -kulturele pediatriese spraak-taalterapie wat STT’s wereldwyd in die afgelope twintig jaar ontwikkel het, asook moontlike struikelblokke wat verwag kan word. Die bydrae word vergroot deur verwysing na die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Bevindinge aangaande die aard en omvang van die literatuur stel ook ’n basislyn as vertrekpunt vir die beplanning van verdere navorsing.

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