Centre for Sustainability Transitions (CST)

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This department was formerly known as Centre for Complex Systems in Transition

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Browsing Centre for Sustainability Transitions (CST) by browse.metadata.advisor "Di Minin, Enrico"

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    Evaluating the contributions of trophy hunting areas to biodiversity conservation in Zimbabwe
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2024-03) Mhlanga, Irene; Clements, Hayley Susan; Di Minin, Enrico; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Centre for Sustainability Transition.
    ENGLISH SUMMARY: Trophy hunting is one of the most debated conservation topics around the world. The debate revolves around the ethical feasibility and usefulness of trophy hunting in terms of wildlife conservation and community development. The argument has been made that if trophy hunting is sustainable and generates revenues it will help support biodiversity conservation. However, there is little research quantifying the role of trophy hunting areas in biodiversity conservation. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate how trophy hunting areas support biodiversity conservation in Zimbabwe. To help achieve this aim, the following specific objectives were set: (i) to assess the representation of species ranges (with a focus on threatened species) within hunting vs non-hunting conservation areas (as a proxy for biodiversity conservation potential); and (ii) to assess the extent of habitat conversion to crops in hunting vs non-hunting areas (as a proxy for biodiversity conservation effectiveness). The study used a quantitative spatial approach through geographic information systems. Species range maps for mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles were overlaid with conservation area maps and percentage calculations for species representation were computed (Chapter 2). Hunting areas (private conservancies and state safari areas) were compared with national parks (state-run, non-hunting areas). Global cropland data were used in a counterfactual analysis to assess the extent of habitat modification (Chapter 3). Points within hunting and non-hunting conservation areas were matched with unprotected control points to test the prediction that if conservation areas offer effective protection, habitat conversion to cropland would be significantly lower within their conservation areas than in unprotected controls exposed to same environmental conditions. Regarding biodiversity conservation potential, I find in Chapter 2 that national parks and the two types of hunting areas are not strategically located to conserve most species. Private conservancies tend to be more strategic than state-run areas, though they only cover 2% of the land area while the latter collectively cover 13%. Encouragingly, Zimbabwe’s conservation areas generally perform slightly better in representing threatened species than nonthreatened species (except for poorly represented Critically Endangered species). This holds particularly true for safari areas. The conservation areas where hunting takes place generally do not notably complement national parks in terms of representing unique species, however, they do contribute by considerably increasing the area under conservation. In terms of conservation effectiveness, results in Chapter 3 show that national parks and safari conservation areas were significantly more effective at preventing crop encroachment compared to environmentally similar unprotected areas. However, high crop encroachment was observed in the private conservancies, likely because of Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform Program. Since both national parks and safari areas are state-run, while conservancies are privately owned and run, this suggests effectiveness was determined by land tenure (state vs private) as opposed to whether or not trophy hunting occurred. In conclusion, this study provides an understanding of how hunting areas complement national parks in terms of representing threatened species and ensuring habitat protection, which is important in assessing the biodiversity conservation efforts of Zimbabwe. It highlights the complex relationship between trophy hunting areas and biodiversity conservation, demonstrating that while hunting areas notably increase area under conservation, they do not always do so in ways that are optimal for representing threatened species. To ensure that Zimbabwean conservation areas are effective at biodiversity conservation, conservation planning is a crucial activity that needs to be prioritized.