Evaluating the contributions of trophy hunting areas to biodiversity conservation in Zimbabwe

Date
2024-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Trophy hunting is one of the most debated conservation topics around the world. The debate revolves around the ethical feasibility and usefulness of trophy hunting in terms of wildlife conservation and community development. The argument has been made that if trophy hunting is sustainable and generates revenues it will help support biodiversity conservation. However, there is little research quantifying the role of trophy hunting areas in biodiversity conservation. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate how trophy hunting areas support biodiversity conservation in Zimbabwe. To help achieve this aim, the following specific objectives were set: (i) to assess the representation of species ranges (with a focus on threatened species) within hunting vs non-hunting conservation areas (as a proxy for biodiversity conservation potential); and (ii) to assess the extent of habitat conversion to crops in hunting vs non-hunting areas (as a proxy for biodiversity conservation effectiveness). The study used a quantitative spatial approach through geographic information systems. Species range maps for mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles were overlaid with conservation area maps and percentage calculations for species representation were computed (Chapter 2). Hunting areas (private conservancies and state safari areas) were compared with national parks (state-run, non-hunting areas). Global cropland data were used in a counterfactual analysis to assess the extent of habitat modification (Chapter 3). Points within hunting and non-hunting conservation areas were matched with unprotected control points to test the prediction that if conservation areas offer effective protection, habitat conversion to cropland would be significantly lower within their conservation areas than in unprotected controls exposed to same environmental conditions. Regarding biodiversity conservation potential, I find in Chapter 2 that national parks and the two types of hunting areas are not strategically located to conserve most species. Private conservancies tend to be more strategic than state-run areas, though they only cover 2% of the land area while the latter collectively cover 13%. Encouragingly, Zimbabwe’s conservation areas generally perform slightly better in representing threatened species than nonthreatened species (except for poorly represented Critically Endangered species). This holds particularly true for safari areas. The conservation areas where hunting takes place generally do not notably complement national parks in terms of representing unique species, however, they do contribute by considerably increasing the area under conservation. In terms of conservation effectiveness, results in Chapter 3 show that national parks and safari conservation areas were significantly more effective at preventing crop encroachment compared to environmentally similar unprotected areas. However, high crop encroachment was observed in the private conservancies, likely because of Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform Program. Since both national parks and safari areas are state-run, while conservancies are privately owned and run, this suggests effectiveness was determined by land tenure (state vs private) as opposed to whether or not trophy hunting occurred. In conclusion, this study provides an understanding of how hunting areas complement national parks in terms of representing threatened species and ensuring habitat protection, which is important in assessing the biodiversity conservation efforts of Zimbabwe. It highlights the complex relationship between trophy hunting areas and biodiversity conservation, demonstrating that while hunting areas notably increase area under conservation, they do not always do so in ways that are optimal for representing threatened species. To ensure that Zimbabwean conservation areas are effective at biodiversity conservation, conservation planning is a crucial activity that needs to be prioritized.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Trofeejag is een van die mees gedebatteerde bewaringsonderwerpe wêreldwyd. Die debat wentel om die etiese haalbaarheid en nut van trofeejag wat betref wildsbewaring en gemeenskapsontwikkeling. Die argument word aangevoer dat indien trofeejag volhoubaar is en inkomste genereer dit biodiversiteitsbewaring help ondersteun. Daar bestaan egter min navorsing wat die rol van trofeejaggebiede in biodiversiteitsbewaring kwantifiseer. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om te evalueer hoe trofeejaggebiede biodiversiteitsbewaring in Zimbabwe ondersteun. Om hierdie oogmerk te help bereik, is die volgende spesifieke doelwitte gestel: (i) om die verteenwoordiging van spesieverspreidingsgebiede (met die klem op bedreigde spesies) in jagbewaringsgebiede teenoor nie-jagbewaringsgebiede te assesseer (as ’n maatstaf vir biodiversiteitsbewaringspotensiaal); en (ii) om die omvang van habitatomskakeling na gewasse in jaggebiede teenoor nie-jaggebiede te assesseer (as ’n maatstaf vir die doeltreffendheid van biodiversiteitsbewaring). Die studie gebruik ’n kwantitatiewe ruimtelike benadering deur die aanwending van geografiese inligtingstelsels. Spesieverspreidingskaarte vir soogdiere, voels, amfibiee, en reptiele is oorgele met bewaringsgebiedkaarte en persentasieberekeninge vir spesieverteenwoordiging is verwerk (Hoofstuk 2). Jaggebiede (private bewaringsareas en safarigebiede van die staat) is met nasionale parke (staatsbeheerde, nie-jaggebiede) vergelyk. Globale saailand-data is in ’n teenfeitelike ontleding gebruik om die omvang van habitatmodifikasie te bepaal (Hoofstuk 3). Punte binne jagbewaringsgebiede en nie jagbewaringsgebiede is met onbeskermde kontrolepunte gepaar om die voorspelling te toets dat indien bewaringsgebiede doeltreffende beskerming bied, habitatomskakeling na saailand aansienlik laer sal wees binne hul bewaringsgebiede as in onbeskermde kontrolepunte wat aan soortgelyke toestande blootgestel is. Wat biodiversiteitsbewaringspotensiaal betref, bevind ek in Hoofstuk 2 dat nasionale parke en die twee soorte jaggebiede nie strategies gelee is vir die bewaring van die meeste spesies nie. Private bewaringsareas is geneig om meer strategies te wees as gebiede wat deur die staat beheer word, ofskoon hulle slegs 2% van die grondgebied beslaan, terwyl laasgenoemde gesamentlik 13% beslaan. Dit is bemoedigend dat Zimbabwe se bewaringsgebiede oor die algemeen effens beter presteer wat die verteenwoordiging van bedreigde spesies betref as nie-bedreigde spesies (behalwe vir swak verteenwoordigde Krities Bedreigde spesies). Dit is veral op safarigebiede van toepassing. Die bewaringsgebiede waar daar gejag word, komplementeer gewoonlik nie die nasionale parke merkbaar wat betref die verteenwoordiging van unieke spesies nie, maar hulle dra wel by deur die gebied onder bewaring aansienlik te vergroot. Wat bewaringsdoeltreffendheid betref, toon resultate in Hoofstuk 3 dat nasionale parke en safaribewaringsgebiede aansienlik meer effektief was wat betref die voorkoming van indringing deur saailand teenoor soortgelyke onbeskermde-omgewingsgebiede. Hoe saailandindringing is egter in die private bewaringsareas waargeneem, waarskynlik vanwee Zimbabwe se Fast Track-grondhervormingsprogram. Aangesien sowel die nasionale parke as safarigebiede deur die staat beheer word, terwyl bewaringsareas in privaat besit is en beheer word, dui dit daarop dat doeltreffendheid deur grondbesit (staat vs privaat) bepaal word, in teenstelling met die kwessie of trofeejag plaasgevind het of nie. Ten slotte bied hierdie studie insig in hoe jaggebiede nasionale parke aanvul wat betref die verteenwoordiging van bedreigde spesies en die versekering van habitatbeskerming, wat belangrik is by die assessering van die biodiversiteitsbewaringspogings van Zimbabwe. Dit beklemtoon die komplekse verhouding tussen trofeejaggebiede en biodiversiteitsbewaring, en toon dat alhoewel jaggebiede onder bewaring merkbaar vergroot, dit nie altyd op maniere geskied wat optimaal is vir die verteenwoordiging van bedreigde spesies nie. Om te verseker dat Zimbabwiese bewaringsgebiede doeltreffend is wat biodiversiteitsbewaring betref, is bewaringsbeplanning 'n deurslaggewende aktiwiteit wat geprioritiseer moet word.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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