Department of Afrikaans and Dutch

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Die Afrikaanse bestemming van C S Lewis se The voyage of the Dawn Treader
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-12) Van der Watt, Marike; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis is internationally considered as one of the classics of children’s literature. The series consists of seven books, of which only the first four were translated into Afrikaans, namely Die Towenaar se Neef (The Magician’s Nephew), Die Leeu, die Heks en die Hangkas (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe), Die Perd en sy Seun (The Horse and his Boy) and Prins Kaspian (Prince Caspian). According to the publisher, Human & Rousseau, they have no intention to translate the remainder of the series. The three books that have not been translated into Afrikaans are The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The Silver Chair and The Last Battle. The main aim of this study is the practical translation of a selection of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The Functionalist approach of Vermeer and Nord, Toury and Chesterman’s translation norms from Descriptive Translation Studies, Venuti’s foreignisation and domestication and Klingberg’s cultural contex adaptation form the theoretical framework for both the discussion and analysis of the source text as well as the translation. The four types of translation problems as identified by Nord are used as the framework for the annotations of the translation. By doing a theoretically based translation, the connection between theory and practice is illustrated: the translator chooses a general approach and translation strategies and is consequently guided to make consistent translation choices on macro as well as micro levels.
'n Afrikaanse vertaling uit Cornelia Funke se Tintenherz
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007-03) Fouche, Marietjie; Feinauer, A. E.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
At present there is an extreme shortage in the publication of Afrikaans children’s books. Although revised publications of popular, classic series, such as the Maasdorp-, Trompie- and Saartjie-series can help fill the void in the market, the contribution made by translations of children’s books should not be underestimated: Afrikaans translations of popular children’s books, such as the Harry Potter- and Narnia-series are well-liked and can even encourage young readers to develop an Afrikaans reading culture. Young readers throughout the world get pleasure from the books written by the renowned German author Cornelia Funke. Funke is viewed as an influential author of children’s books and this is largely due to her popular fantasy-adventure Tintenherz; the extremely original plot of this fantasy-adventure, which forms part of a trilogy, persuades young readers to change their unenthusiastic approach towards reading by showing them that reading can be a pleasant, thrilling experience. This study attempts to prove that an Afrikaans translation of Tintenherz can make an important contribution to fill the void in the Afrikaans children’s literature, as well as encourage young readers to read more. Critics fear that translations of popular children’s books might flood the market with books that might be cheaper, but that are second-rate versions of the original texts since the translations fail to achieve the same literary standards as the original texts. This study attempts to prove that knowledge of theoretical translation strategies, such as George Steiner’s hermeneutic motion, Lawrence Venuti’s approaches of foreignisation and domestication, as well as André Levere’s approach of rewrite as a form of translation do in fact make it possible to produce an Afrikaans translation of Tintenherz which not only meets the requirements of the target-culture and satisfies the wants of the target-readers, but also upholds the literary standard of the original German text.
Die Afrikaanse vertaling van eiename in Harry Potter : konsekwensies vir kultuuroordrag
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005-03) Bruwer, Debbie; Feinauer, A. E.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the importance of a consistent translation strategy in the translation of proper names. Coupled with this is the importance of translators having a sound theoretical knowledge that serves as a foundation for the translation of any given text. These aspects are central to the successful realisation of cultural communication seeing that proper names are one of the most important cultural indicators. First, we looked at the first book in the Harry Potter series as to determine the number of proper names that were translated and how many were not translated. Different translation strategies were then looked at to determine whether there was a purposeful and logical explanation, and motivation behind the manner and degree of translation of the proper names. This was followed by a close comparison between book one and book five as to determine whether the inconsistent use of translation strategies, was consistently applied throughout the series. Central to this study is the necessity of successful cultural communication and how the inconsistent use of certain elements can have a negative impact on the cultural communication in any literary work. To establish successful cultural communication, every translator needs a clear skopos/brief for the target text. As a point of departure I will look at certain concepts such as translation norms, culture and translation as well as various translation strategies. The impact of inconsistent translation strategies on texts will be highlighted throughout this thesis.
n Afrikaanse vertaling van The lord of the rings : n ondersoek na die veelsydigheid en heterogeniteit van Afrikaans
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2019-04) Naude, Eduan; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: JRR Tolkien’s epic romance The lord of the rings (1954-5) has left a lasting impact on the literary landscape. With his magnum opus, the South African-born author elicited much criticism from various quarters – literary as well as in other fields – but after 60 years and almost as many translations in different languages, the book’s popularity still shows no sign of decline. On the one hand this bears testimony to the void that Tolkien filled – offering people in modern society an escape to a world where things are simpler and the line between good and evil is easier discernible. But the popularity of The lord of the rings extends further than the obvious narrative and is deeply rooted in Tolkien’s love of words and language, the true motivation behind the creation of his masterpiece. This love, manifest in his distinctive writing style, contributes greatly to the success of the book. This study shows that The lord of the rings can indeed be translated into Afrikaans without detracting from the source text. Through practical translation of selected excerpts from the book, the thesis examines various aspects of Tolkien’s writing style, among which archaism, poetry and the portrayal of different characters. An annotation of the different translated excerpts emphasizes translation challenges, and offer possible solutions. Translation challenges are categorized using Christiane Nord’s categorization of translation problems. A functionalist approach is followed, with replication of Tolkien’s use of language as the main function to observe, and special emphasis placed on the investigative work required of the translator to source Tolkien’s careful choice of words. Tolkien’s writing style offers many challenges to the translator but if those challenges can be overcome, it offers a vast opportunity for the further development of Afrikaans – not only for translating classical works but also for creating new works in Afrikaans with the same versatility which Tolkien utilized in English.
Die Agterhuis – Lina Spies se vertaling van Anne Frank se dagboek, Het Achterhuis, in Afrikaans : besluite, benaderings en strategieë
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Spies, Carla-Marie; Feinauer, A. E.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the translation approaches and strategies used by Lina Spies in her translation of Anne Frank's diary, Het Achterhuis, from Dutch into Afrikaans (Die Agterhuis). The researcher mainly works descriptively to discuss the decisions made regarding translation approaches and strategies adopted and applied in this translation. However, when necessary, a critique of the translation is also offered. The first chapter deals with the background of, and rationale for, the study; it provides a hypothesis, problem statement, methodology and the research questions. The next chapter provides background information on the source text, as well as considering reasons why this source text was translated into Afrikaans. The translator (Spies) as an agent of power is discussed as well. In the third chapter, the literature review, the most prominent translation theories which are relevant to this study are discussed. There are amongst others focused on functionalism (Nord 1997), intercultural communication (Katan 200), descriptive translation studies (DTS) (Toury 1995), and foreignization and domestication (Venuti 1995). Chapters 4 and 5 present the practical application/empirical study. In the macro-analysis aspects such as genre, overall translation approach and the paratext are looked at. The micro-analysis investigates the translation strategies which were used on the micro-level in order to achieve the overall effect this translation has on macro-level. Pragmatic, intercultural, interlinguistic and text-specific translation problems/challenges and the way that Spies (possibly) resolved these in the target text are discussed. The conclusion is drawn that Spies adopts a functionalist approach towards the translation as she takes into consideration both Nord's (1995) yardsticks for a "good"/"adequate" translation, namely (1) the source text and source text author, as well as (2) the target text reader. The foreignization approach is the primary approach used in this translation and the translator is very faithful to the source text and loyal to the source text author. Domestication is used as a secondary approach as the target text is made accessible to the target text reader on a grammatical level. The thesis finds that the authenticity of the source text and the literary value of this text are preserved, and that the voice and style of the source text author are conveyed to the target text reader.
Alice se avonture in Afrikaans : 'n vertaalteoretiese beskouing van geskiktheid, aanvaarbaarheid en gepastheid
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) De Roubaix, Lelanie; Feinauer, A. E.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lewis Carroll’s classic children’s tale Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, as well as its sequel, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, have the reputation of being the most quoted and translated texts of all time, after the Bible and Shakespeare. The status of the Alice books as timeless classics is confirmed by the numerous translations and adaptations of the texts that have already been made and is still being made. In this study, a descriptive investigation of André P. Brink’s Afrikaans translation of Carroll’s classic children’s books is undertaken in order to investigate whether the translation is still suitable for Afrikaans readers today. Brink’s Afrikaans translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland was published in 1965, and his translation of Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There in 1968. Firstly, an overview of the most important theoretical contributions to translation studies since the nineteen-eighties is given to provide a foundation for the investigation and description of translations. Relevant terminology, such as adequacy and acceptability, will be explained. Emphasis will especially be placed on the interaction between the theoretical contributions, which will serve as a basis for the conclusion drawn regarding the suitability of the translation. The conclusion will be based on an application where the translation will be investigated. The translation is studied from a theoretical point of view on macrostructural as well as microstructural level. In the macrostructural analysis, references to the title, cover pages, illustrations, chapter titles, and the (in)visibility of the translator will be made. The microstructural analysis comprises an investigation of how Brink dealt with translation problems that arose during the particular translation. As a result of the investigation of the translation, conclusions can be drawn regarding the suitability of the translation for current readers. A recommendation on the possibility of a retranslation is also offered.
Antjie Krog se vertaling die sterre sê ‘tsau’: ’n deskriptiewe analise
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005-12) Vosloo, Frances Antoinette; Feinauer, A. E.; Viljoen, L.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
In this thesis the translating strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Antjie Krog’s anthology die sterre sê ‘tsau’ (2004) are investigated. A descriptive approach is followed in the analysis, with the main focus on Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and the poststructuralist concept différance (Derrida 1982). The researcher states that Krog, in her translation of the /Xam narratives, 1) follows a foreignising strategy by moving the target reader towards the source text; 2) is visible as translator as a result of her use of annotations, for example; and 3) that, in addition to foreignisation, she moves the source text towards the target reader by domesticating towards her own poetic style. The introductory chapter is followed by a discussion of those translational models relevant to the analysis. The discussion focuses on Venuti’s (1995) model of domestication/ foreignisation, as well as on some aspects of deconstruction and différance. Lambert and Van Gorp’s (1985) descriptive model is expounded as the primary model for the analysis of the anthology. The following chapter involves a literary historic overview of the language and culture of the /Xam in order to fully contextualise both the source and target texts. In the following chapter the most relevant aspects of Krog’s poetics and translational strategy are discussed as far as they coincide with the main argument of the thesis. In the practical part of the thesis five poems from the anthology are discussed on macro-, micro- and systemic level in order to establish Krog’s translational strategy as well as the presence in the translation of her poetic style. In the final chapter the extent to which the findings in the analysis correspond to the hypothesis is concluded.
Die bewerking van idiome in tweetalige woordeboeke : 'n hulp vir vertalers?
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006-03) Gouws, Liezl; Feinauer, A. E.; Gouws, R. H.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
Dictionaries are important and necessary resources for translators, but still translators have mixed feelings regarding especially bilingual dictionaries. On the one hand, they cannot really work without them, but on the other hand the dictionaries often give the translator little or no help. In this study, reasons are examined as to why bilingual dictionaries aren't a sufficient resource for professional translators with regard to the translation of idioms. During the study attention is given to the theories regarding and the approaches to translation. The focus falls specifically on three important methods of translation, namely the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalist approaches. The development of lexicography as discipline is also examined. The translation of idioms entails more than just the translation of single words. Attention is given to the attributes of idioms, as well as the problems and methods with which translators are confronted during the translation of idioms. Subsequently attention is also given to the current treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries as well as aspects such as presentation, equivalence, register and language structures. Based on the evidence of this a model is suggested for the improved treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries.
A corpus-driven quantitative analysis of translated and original texts in 'Die Burger'
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005) Bam, Robert Graham; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans & Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the emergence of the global village concept over the last two decades, the role of the act of translation has increased in importance. As people became aware of the value and significance of texts in foreign languages, it ignited an interest in the act of translation. Translations were no longer regarded as inferior, but rather worthy of study. Prior to the emergence of interest in translation, the translation process had received little attention, but now slowly became the focus point as researchers sought to unravel its idiosyncrasies. No longer were researchers merely prepared to accept the fruits of the process, but they questioned how the process came about, why it happened and which circumstances, both internal and external, influenced it. This research set out to investigate the similarities and differences between sports texts originally written in Afrikaans and translated sports texts that were translated from English into Afrikaans. Prior research on this topic had pointed to a marked lexical difference between original and translated texts. It was further postulated that the differences and similarities were caused by the translation process itself and were inherent to it. The current research attempted to determine these similarities and differences by means of an electronic lexical analysis of the original and translated corpora using Wordsmith Tools. The results confirmed the findings done in prior research, namely that there were lexical differences between original and translated texts. This study indicated that the differences were not significant for the study at hand. It further indicated that the reason for the lack of a significant difference was due to the common nature of the subject matter and a large degree of shared information. It was further suggested that the statistics could have been different if the commonality of topic had not been present. Further research would need to be undertaken by expanding the size and scope of the corpora so as to be able to reach conclusions based on a greater variety of texts. At the same time this research suggested that a qualitative analysis of the texts should be done to support the quantitative findings of the research.
Decisions, translation strategies and process in the translation of Molope's Dancing in the Dust : a critical analysis
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007-12) Magwebu, Doris NomaXesibe; Feinauer, A. E.; Jadezweni, M. W.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences . Dept. of Afrikaans & Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study has been a long journey to pursue the art and craft involved in a translation process. The indisputably differing natures of the languages at stake have been prominent in the translator's psychological frame throughout the process. The acknowledgement of the differing natures of languages often means knowing exactly what has to be transferred and in which manner it has to be transferred without compromising the demands of any of the languages at stake. The latter also speaks to the preservation of the message of the ST in the TL in the process of transition. The translation of Molope's Dancing in the Dust has given good ground for the exploration of the processes involved in a literary translation. Although the status of Molope's novel in the publishing market appears to be relatively new, there are some good grounds to declare it as fairly translatable. It has been noted in the study that there has been a desire to consult her existing literatures with an intention to evaluate her dominant style of writing, or any of her translated works so that it becomes easier to determine the translatability of this novel. However, this only proved to be an unsuccessful business in the sense that this novel is the first of her works, ever. Nevertheless, it has been stated simultaneously in this study that the expressiveness of Mol ope's novel, especially in rooting out the main events of the 197 6 Soweto Uprisings, ultimately convinced the translator that this art is worthy to be translated. The acknowledgement (by some legends) ofMolope's potential to probe into the main events of the struggle during that era has been another area the translator could rely on. This attempt has been done albeit Molope's sometimes poignant style of writing (much of this has been said in the study), which sought to pose some problematic areas. As has been declared in the hypothesis section, translatability is possible if the process of translation commences on a ST analysis, whereby problematic areas (or areas of interest thereof) are identified with an intention to select a suitable translation strategy. Suffice then to say that an attempt to answer the translatability question of this novel has been made in the chapter of annotation. Assembling a chapter of annotation is itself an attempt to demonstrate the translator's creativity in manoeuvring the ST material in order to produce what she assumes will suit the target readers. The discussion of well-established translation literatures in Chapter 2 serves to give background to the random choice of particular translation strategies at particular points in time. Therefore, the literature which forms Chapter 2 of this study serves to substantiate both what appears in the chapter of annotation and the entire product thereof.
'n Direkte vertaling versus 'n abbavertaling met verwysing na kulturele oordrag
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-04) Steyn, Johanna E. T.; Feinauer, A. E.; Du Toit, Catherine; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most Afrikaans novels that are translated into French are piggyback or relay translations, which means translations of translations. Although piggyback translations have been done since the earliest times and are still being done, they are at best seen as a necessary evil and little research is done on this phenomenon – in fact so little that there is not even a uniform term among scholars to refer to this practice. Translation is the ideal space for different cultures to meet and interact, especially when the translation strategy is to foreignise by retaining cultural elements form the source culture in the translated text. Each translation is however adapted to a certain extent to its own target culture in order for the target public to have a better understanding of the text. When a translator works directly with the source text, he is in control about the way in which cultural references will be conveyed and explained to the target public. In the case of a piggyback translation the translator has to translate a “source text” that has already been adapted, or not, for a specific target public. The piggyback translator has to deal with a text where some cultural references might have been retained and others not. If the piggyback translator has no first-hand knowledge of the source culture, it means that he will not be able to distinguish which references have been adapted, nor to what extent they have been adapted. This study is an investigation into the French translations of two novels by Etienne van Heerden, namely Toorberg and Die swye van Mario Salviati. Le Domaine de Toorberg is a piggyback translation of Toorberg and Un long silence has been translated directly from the Afrikaans source text. The aim is to determine in which of the two French translations cultural transfer was the most successful. In translation studies great emphasis is placed on the fact that translators should not only be bilingual, but also bicultural, which means that the translator should understand both source and target cultures. In the case of the direct translation investigated here, the translator is not only bilingual, but he shows a South African and French biculturality. In the case of the piggyback translation however, the translator’s cultures are French and North American. This means that the piggyback translator has no first-hand knowledge of the source culture with the result that the cultural references are unknown to her. I hope to determine through this study whether piggyback translations are a viable method to present Afrikaans novels to (in this case) French readers and if not, whether alternative methods should be investigated, for example using translators who do not necessarily translate into their first language, as often suggested in translation studies.
"Elle vient de loin la chanson” : Afri-Frans as a product of cultural exportation
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013-03) Strohwald, Marion; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the fact that intertextuality is regarded as an established concept in the field of literary studies, research regarding the role of intertextuality within translation studies is relatively limited. In studies concerned with the problematic nature of the relationship between intertextuality and translation, the majority of scholars focus on the rendering of intertextual references that figure in the source text, while the use of intertextuality in the target text is often overlooked. This study addresses this latter facet of intertextuality by looking at the Afri-Frans translation project, and the way in which intertextuality is intentionally used in the target text. Conceptualised by Matthys Maree, the Afri-Frans project concerns the translation of thirteen Afrikaans songs into French, with the aim of introducing the Afrikaans culture abroad. The project is therefore concerned not only with the translation of the Afrikaans language, but also with the translation of the Afrikaans culture. Therefore Venuti‟s strategies of domestication and foreignisation are applied as theoretical basis of this study. These strategies are discussed in Chapter 3, together with other translation theory focused specifically on the functionalist approach, as well as the interaction between translation and culture. These translation theories are supplemented by a discussion of theories on intertextuality in Chapter 4. This thesis investigates the effect that target text intertexts have on translation, specifically with regard to domestication and foreignisation, so doing determining the potential of intertextuality as a translation tool. In order to establish whether the (Afrikaans) source text culture is properly represented in the (French) target text, the microstructural analysis, in Chapter 5, looks at specific textual fragments and the translation of culture-specific items. The macrostructural analysis, in Chapter 6, is concerned with extratextual analysis, where the focus is on intertextual, paratextual and metatextual aspects. These analyses show that translation inevitably involves a compromise between domesticating and foreignising strategies. Even though microstructural translation methods in Afri-Frans tend to domesticate, intertextuality shows promise as an effective translation tool with the potential to connect the target text audience with the source text culture, thereby bridging the two cultures. The use of intertextuality in translation enables the translator to remain loyal to both the source text culture and target text audience by providing the target text audience with interpretable cultural frames within which the source text culture can be better understood.
'n Funksionalistiese benadering tot Bybelvertaling
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002) Basson, Catherina Susanna; Feinauer, A. E.; Van der Merwe, C. H. J.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans & Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The functional approach to translation is investigated in the context of Bible translation. For some practising translators, functionalism has application only in the production of instrumental translations, and for them this approach will inevitably lead to the dethroning of the source text. In Bible translation the status of the source text is very important. With the functional equivalence approach this status is disregarded in an effort to produce a Bible translation that can be used as a missionary instrument. Within functionalism, however, a documentaryexoticising translation can retain the status of the source text and can have the skopos to bridge the cultural gap between Biblical times and the modern world by adding cultural information. This was the skopos of a functional translation of the New Testament in German. Examples from this translation, as well as examples from the NAV (1983), were examined qualitatively to see how additional cultural information could assist the target reader in understanding the otherness of the ancient Biblical text. An empirical investigation was done. Text fragments from the NAV (1983), with cultural information added, were presented to people who study the Bible regularly. The response to the additional cultural information was very positive. The focus in the literature study was on the functional approach to translation, also known as skopos theory. This was compared with the functional equivalence approach as well as the newer relevance theory approach as described by Gutt. Attention was also given to the importance of culture in translation. In the functional approach other skopoi and other target groups can be identified. In a further study, the application of this approach to the translation of the Old Testament can be investigated. The functional approach might also be used in the translation of other ancient religious texts such as the Koran and the Torah. The benefits of co-operation between experts in the field of the Biblical languages and culture and practising translators are shown. The skopos of the translation will give such a team the framework within which they can produce a translation with a specific aim for a specific target group. The functional approach can be applied broadly to include both instrumental and documentary translations. In the case of Bible translation the documentary-exoticising translation provides the framework wherein the source text of the Bible can be accounted for in a responsible way. The application of functionalism is, however, wide enough to include all types of translation, provided that a clear skopos is identified and formulated for each translation.
Die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans : 'n praktiese benadering met die AWS as gevallestudie
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012-12) Odendaal, Beatrix Gertruida; Feinauer, A. E.; Alexander, N. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study comprises an investigation into the restandardisation of Afrikaans. Since the 1980s, there have been various calls from the Afrikaans speech community for the democratisation of Afrikaans by making it representative of the whole Afrikaans speech community. Despite these calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans, a matter which has been brought to the fore in recent years, there are still no real theoretically-based and practical suggestions for such a project. The practical approach to the restandardisation of Afrikaans suggested in this study, with a specific focus on the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, informs the suggestion of a model by which such a planned restandardisation programme for Afrikaans could be carried out. This is done based on existing theories of standardisation and restandardisation, as well as a thorough investigation into the history of the standardisation of Afrikaans in order to determine the reasons underlying this need for its restandardisation. Firstly, relevant theories of standardisation are considered in order to determine which aspects of language standardisation give rise to restandardisation and play the most important role in it. The history of the standardisation of Afrikaans is also considered, in order to indicate the factors which gave rise to the calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans. The world-wide phenomenon of destandardisation – an increasing trend by which the validity of standardised languages is called into question – is subsequently considered. Following this, restandardisation is considered in greater detail. Although the term is used widely, there are not yet thorough theoretical descriptions of the nature of the process itself. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical consideration of what restandardisation comprises. An investigation into various examples of attempts at the restandardisation of languages in South Africa, Africa, and the rest of the world serves as a backdrop against which the need for the restandardisation of Afrikaans is discussed. The standardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, as outlined in the ten issues of the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls (“Afrikaans word list and spelling rules”) which have been published to date, is the next research focus. The purpose of this critical evaluation of the primary source for orthographic standardisation of Afrikaans is to point out the weaknesses in the current standardisation process which necessitate a new approach to the standardisation of Afrikaans (and by extension, its restandardisation). Finally, a model is presented for the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, but also Afrikaans as a whole, based on various theoretical and practical considerations contained in the study.
Identifying and improving reading comprehension in the translation process : a visualisation approach
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2017-12) Nwachukwu, Jeremiah Felix; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The experiment described in this dissertation is based on three basic assumptions, all of which were derived from research findings providing explanations relevant to the requirements of translation as performance process (Lörscher 2005; Wolf 2017). The first assumption is the obvious fact that “success in translation is predicated upon an ability to operate literately in more than one language” (Malmkjær 2004:4). This at least underscores the continuous relevance of translation in second-language learning and vice versa. The second has to do with the recent general acceptance among translation scholars that the type of reading involved in translation is more challenging than the one meant for other forms of communication (Jakobsen & Jansen 2008; Scott 2012:15; Boase-Beier 2014:214). Finally, considering the special nature of reading for translation, it has become expedient to identify certain skills that can enhance source-text (ST) comprehension in translation and to teach these skills to trainee translators (Hurtado Albir, Alves, Englund Dimitrova & Lacruz 2015:17). The methodology of the present study involved the recruitment of 14 students of French who were divided into two groups of seven each. Group A members initially received training on the use of Sowa’s (1984) conceptual graphs (CG) formalism in the analysis of selected news articles for the purpose of translation. CG is a visualised graph grammar derived from a phrase-structure grammar. The rationale behind the use of this formalism was based on the relationship identified between CG and the cognitive linguistic principle of flexibility and the dynamic nature of language as a meaning-making tool to enhance text visualisation. The experimental process involved the participants reading a ST written in French, answering a number of text-comprehension questions about it and translating the text. The performance of these tasks was monitored with the aid of Flashback®, a screen-recording software program that performs video and audio recordings of both on-screen and off-screen activities in order to examine how the performance of one group differs from that of another. The analysis was based on three research questions and seven hypotheses, which compared the two groups on the quality of ST comprehension in their translations, task time and dictionary use. A visualised presentation of the results reveals outcomes indicative of an overall tendency towards better ST-comprehension performance by Group A than by Group B. Tasktime results show that the group trained in the use of CG completed the experimental tasks relatively quicker than the other group. On dictionary use, a review of the process data shows that the untrained group had more dictionary lookups than the group trained in text visualisation. The conclusion is that, since training might hold a key to the development of expert tendencies in student translators, the use of text visualisation as a tool is advocated.
Interferensie in die Afrikaanse Harry Potter
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004-12) Bedeker, Laetitia Marí; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans & Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Harry Potter series is currently one of the most popular book series for children in the world. The original British books have been translated into more than three hundred languages - one of them being Afrikaans, for which the Afrikaans translator received two translation prizes. Yet closer investigation reveals that these translations are not written in idiomatic Afrikaans, mostly due to the phenomenon of 'interference'. This phenomenon entails an excessive influence of the linguistic structures of the source text on that of the target text. The influence of the English source text on the Afrikaans translator by means of interference was of such an extent that the texts have been written in unnatural language, called 'translationese'. In this study the influence of interference on the quality of the Afrikaans translations of Harry Potter is examined. The focus is on books 4 and 5 in the series, namely Harry Potter en die Beker vol Vuur and Harry Potter en die Orde van die Feniks. The basic premises of the functionalistic approach to translation are used to emphasise the importance of the translation skopos, the function that the translation has to fulfil in the target culture, a detailed translation brief as well as the translator's loyalty towards the various role players in the translation process. Descriptive translation studies is used to prove the apparent absence of knowledge of translation norms as well as translation decisions and strategies that had to be considered carefully during the production of the Afrikaans translations. The researcher hereby attempts to emphasise the importance of careful consideration and planning of translation strategies. Cognisance of the functionalistic and descriptive premises would have lead to a more natural translation that communicates optimally with the target readers in the target culture.
Interpreting within the Western Cape health care sector : a descriptive overview
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Saulse, Bernice; Lesch, Harold M.; Feinauer, A. E.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the past decade many studies have shown that ad hoc interpreting services are still the norm for the health care sector in the South African context. The health care sector of South Africa, specifically in the Western Cape, is characterised by primarily Afrikaans- and English-speaking doctors, or medical practitioners in general, who do not understand Xhosaspeaking patients. In order to bridge this language gap, ad hoc interpreting services are employed, which are rendered by family members of a patient, nurses, or at times, even by porters or cleaners. As a result of the fact that these ad hoc interpreters lack training in interpreting theory and practice, they tend to distort communication, which impact negatively on the quality of the health care that the patient receives. This consequent lack of quality in health care can therefore directly be related to the quality of the interpreted utterances or product that the interpreter renders. Even though ad hoc interpreters are generally more used in the health care sector, some hospitals employ professionally trained interpreters to relieve the burden of a language barrier. In 1996, due to the erratic nature of health care interpreting services and language barriers between medical practitioners and patients, the National Language Project trained 22 community interpreters to be placed in hospitals within the boundaries of the Western Cape. Three of these interpreters were placed at Tygerberg Hospital, three at Groote Schuur Hospital, and three at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. By 2008 none remained in Tygerberg Hospital, one was still employed by Groote Schuur Hospital, and two employed by Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. In 2007, Groote Schuur Hospital identified a need to train and place interpreters within the hospital, due to the language barrier between medical practitioners and patients, as well as to optimise health care. These trainees were formerly employed by the hospital in positions such as cleaners. Even though they were then professionally trained, they were still remunerated as cleaners, for example. In addition to the two interpreters employed at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, another interpreter was employed on a full-time basis. Some departments within the hospital make use of their own interpreters, who are not employed by the hospital. Tygerberg Hospital has one officially employed interpreter who is a nursing assistant by profession, and who has received no training in interpreting whatsoever. The aim of this study was firstly to investigate interpreting practices within these three tertiary hospitals, and secondly to investigate the quality of the interpreted product delivered by the interpreters at these hospitals, whether on an ad hoc basis or as professionally trained interpreters. The outcomes of the quality of the interpreted product, measured against a quality table, were compared with the attitudes of medical practitioners, interpreters and patients present in an interpreting session. This was done to determine whether the actual quality of the interpreted product took precedence over the attitudes of the role players, or vice versa.
Kultuur en vertaling : die domestikering van die Leefstyl-Bybel vir Vroue
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008-03) Fourie, Estea; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
One of the biggest problems faced by translators has always been the issue of whether a translation should be a free translation or a literal translation. These days, the general tendency is to view a translation as a cultural transfer of information (or intercultural communication) and no longer as merely a linguistic transfer of information. This study took the translation of the applications (columns that deal with life issues) in the Leefstyl-Bybel vir Vroue (LBV), as adapted from the Bible, as subject matter. The reason for this choice of subject matter was that these applications were translated for a target audience (Afrikaans-speaking women) that differs culturally from the source text readers and that the new culture, therefore, constantly had to be taken into account in the translation. It was found that the following theoretical approaches had been successfully applied in the translation of the source text. Firstly, there was the Functionalist approach, where the work of Nord en Vermeer played a significant role. Vermeer’s Skopos Theory focuses, above all, on the aim of a translation and Nord’s instrumental translation on the fact that a translation must communicate successfully with the target text readers in their culture. The LBV is functionalist in the sense that it was translated with a specific aim in mind, namely to empower the Afrikaans-speaking women on a political level and to counter their voicelessness and disempowerment. Secondly, Gutt’s Relevance Theory, and the term “Indirect Translation” in particular, were used. This kind of communication communicates the meaning of the original in such a way that it makes sense to the target language reader in her own context. For example, the metaphors were adapted because the original metaphors would not have been relevant to the Afrikaans-speaking women. New text, that the translator felt was relevant to the target language readers, was also added to the target text. Lastly, Venuti’s Foreignizing and Domestication were used. The LBV was highly domesticated, which meant that the target language values were visible to the target language culture in the translation. This domestication was successful because the translation met the cultural expectations of the target audience. The concept of “Gender and Translation” was also examined. The reason or need for the translation and why the source text had been translated for this target audience specifically, also had to be determined. It was found that women in South Africa had been oppressed for some time. The publisher therefore deemed it necessary to have a Bible for women in Afrikaans. Presenting the Bible to them in a “woman-friendly” way would assist them to believe in their own worth. The source text and the target text were compared and analysed on the macro and micro levels. It was determined whether the above theoretical approaches were successfully applied and whether the target text worked as a communicative instrument in the new target culture. Various reviews were consulted. These reviews and the research in this study indicated that the LBV had been successfully received by the target audience.
Mediavertaling – die herskrywing van nuusvertalings
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012-03) Pienaar, Cherene; Feinauer, A. E.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this descriptive study, the rewriting of translated politically coloured texts on News24.com is investigated. Afrikaans articles, which were originally published in Die Burger, Beeld and Volksblad, are selected and then translated for the English target text reader. This reader does not necessarily differ from the source text reader in terms of geography and culture, but in terms of his or her past and the emotional baggage, such as the era of apartheid and the guilt that the white Afrikaans person has to carry. While it is claimed that the articles from the above-mentioned dailies are merely translated paragraph for paragraph for the purpose of being published online on News24, a lot more happens to the text. The texts are edited, rewritten, reshaped and repackaged to be presented in a new context. The target text is studied to establish whether it is rewritten with an ideological purpose in mind and what adaptations are made to achieve an ideological influence. Lexical and other linguistic means are used to reframe a text and present it differently in the target text. The way in which a post apartheid South Africa is being presented in the English texts (as opposed to the Afrikaans print version) is the focus of the study. The hypothesis is that the News24 rewriter’s purpose is to send an adapted ideological message with the text. These conclusions are being drawn based on narrative theory and the concepts of frames. This theory as well as other relevant theories form a framework according to which one can study and compare the texts and the rewriting of the source texts. While the literal changes made for practical reasons such as readability are broadly discussed, the focus is on the ideological implications these lexical and other linguistic adaptations cause. Conclusions are then made according to the skopos of News24 with the rewriting of the texts, namely to represent the image of a post apartheid South Africa more negatively than it is represented in the source text.
Om te skryf deur te vertaal en te vertaal deur te skryf : Antjie Krog as skrywer/vertaler
(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Vosloo, Frances Antoinette; Feinauer, A. E.; Viljoen, Louise; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation explores Antjie Krog as translator within the Afrikaans and English literary field in South Africa. The focus of the study is primarily on Krog’s translation of her own work, namely her prose works Country of my skull and A change of tongue/’n Ander tongval, and poetry Down to my last skin, die sterre sê ‘tsau’/the stars say ‘tsau’ and Verweerskrif/Body bereft. Although Krog is also renowned for her work as translator of others’ work, the concept self translation is particularly relevant for this study: to write through translation and translate through writing. The study has a dual objective: on a polysystemic level Krog’s position and status as translator and that of her translation products within the Afrikaans and English literary field in South Africa is researched; on a sociocultural level Bourdieu’s concept habitus is employed in order to explore the underlying force behind Krog’s translation process. The focus throughout is on Krog’s double writing, the overlapping of the act of writing and the act of translating as it resonates on textual and metatextual level. Although a Bourdieusian reading of translations is a relatively unexplored terrain in the South African translation field, this study aims to add fresh insights into a dispositional view of the translator in his or her space within the literary field. In the course of this study philosophical concepts of Deleuze and Guattari, Kristeva and Bhabha are employed. Deleuze and Guattari’s concept minor literature is employed insofar the act of translation and the translation product reflects a different subjectivity. Kristeva’s concept the abject is likewise explored in the way it is reflected in Krog’s writing and translating. In the end it is argued that Krog, when writing in her non-mother tongue and when translating, is situated in a hybrid space, an in-between space. This study thus shifts from a polysystemic analysis of Krog’s translation products to a more individual approach and the notion that Krog’s habitus as writer is inextricably linked to her habitus as translator; that translation is an embodied process.

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