Full-scale measurement and quantification of hull fatigue on a slamming-prone polar vessel

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: The safe extension of existing asset life and operation of new record-sized ships require an improved understanding of ship fatigue. Both low-frequency wave bending and high-frequency flexural vibration fatigue hull structures. The former is caused by the weight distribution of the vessel and the location of support provided by dynamic wave crests. Whipping and springing contribute to high-frequency fatigue and occur when waves excite the flexural bending modes of the ship girder. Full-scale measurement campaigns have found that flexural vibration comprises up to 57% of the total fatigue in container ships. However, the adequate consideration of this component has not been consistently formalised in design codes. The addition of midship strain sensors to an existing full-scale measurement array onboard the SA Agulhas II enables the study of fatigue from vertical wave bending moments and flexural bending modes. This instrumentation realises an opportunity to study fatigue on a vessel with ice-capable hull features that make her prone to slamming during open-water operation. Subsequently, fatigue damage computed us- ing Miner's law and rainflow cycle counting shows significant high-frequency fatigue contributions during a storm case and a sequence of dedicated tests. During these systematic tests, 46 times more damage was accrued for the stationary vessel in fol- lowing waves than the equivalent test in head seas, with the increase dominated by high-frequency bending. Considerable stern slamming was noted for the stationary vessel in following waves. A slamming detection algorithm identified a correlation between slamming frequency and magnitude, and increased high-frequency fatigue. Furthermore, operational modal analysis confirmed that the first vertical bending mode dominates the flexural response with respect to energy and fatigue contribu- tion. Despite cracking near the measurement location, the accrued damage for the selected study detail does not exceed allowable design levels for a 30-year service life. However, significant fatigue from flexural vibration due to slamming is of concern for poorly designed detail and larger ships with higher stress amplitudes. In addition, current long-term structural analysis procedures considering only wave bending are reviewed. A new technique considering common routings and direc- tional sea state statistics, developed for remote regions of the Southern Ocean using open-source reanalysis data, is proposed. This spectral fatigue analysis is supported by vertical bending load response amplitude operators computed using commercial software. Results indicate that routes with a Westerly heading component accrue up to 14 times more damage than their Easterly return due to increased time en- countering head seas. For the SA Agulhas II, the annual voyage from Cape Town to Antarctica accrues the most damage as it crosses two high damage rate zones. Low-frequency wave bending fatigue computed from full-scale measurements com- pare well with spectral results for incremental speed tests into head seas. The dis- crepancies noted for stationary tests require further investigation. It is recommended that the strain measurement point be altered to remove local bending effects. Fur- thermore, finite element analysis and non-linear hydrodynamic simulations stand to further the study of flexural fatigue.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Die veilige verlenging van bestaande bateleeftyd en die bedryf van nuwe rekord- grootte skepe vereis 'n verbeterde begrip van skip vermoeidheid. Beide laefrekwensie golfbuiging en hocfrekwensie buig-vibrasie dra by tot vermoeidheid van skeepsromp- strukture. Die eersgenoemde word veroorsaak deur die gewigverspreiding van die vaartuig en die ligging van ondersteuning wat deur dinamiese golfkruine verskaf word. Sweepslae en vering dra by tot hocfrekwensie-vermoeidheid en vind plaas wanneer golwe die buigmodusse van die skeepsbalke opwek. Volskaalse metingsveld- togte het bevind dat buigvibrasie tot 57% van die totale vermoeidheid in vragkepe opmaak. Genoegsame ondersoek van hierdie komponent is egter nie konsekwent in ontwerpkodes geformaliseer nie. Om vermoeidheid en vertikale buigmomente- en modusse te bestudeer, is vervorming- sensors op die midskip van die SA Agulhas II aangebring. Hierdie instrumentasie realiseer die studie van vermoeidheid op 'n vaartuig met ys-geskikte romp kenmerke wat haar geneig maak tot branderimpakte tydens oop-water vaart. Gevolglik toon vermoeidheidskade, wat bereken is deur gebruik te maak van Miner se wet en recn- vloeisiklustelling, beduidende hocfrekwensie-vermoeidheidsbydrae tydens gevallestu- dies in 'n storm en 'n toegewyde stel toetse. Tydens hierdie sistematiese toetse is 46 keer meer skade aan die stilstaande vaartuig in volgende golwe opgedoen as die ekwi- valente toets met golwe van voor. Die toename word oorheers deur hocfrekwensie- buiging. Hewige agterboeg-branderimpakte is opgemerk vir die stilstaande vaartuig in golwe van agter. 'n Branderimpak-opsporing-algoritme het 'n korrelasie tussen branderimpakfrekwensie en -omvang, en hocfrekwensie-vermoeidheid gei'dentifiseer. Verder het operasionele modale analise bevestig dat die eerste vertikale buigmodus die buigrespons oorheers met betrekking tot energie en vermoeidheidsbydrae. Ten spyte van krake naby die meetplek, oorskry die opgelope skade vir die geselekteerde studie nie toelaatbare ontwerpvlakke vir 'n 30-jaar dienslewe nie. Beduidende ver- moeidheid van buigvibrasie as gevolg van branderimpakte is egter kommerwekkend vir swak ontwerpte detail en groter skepe met hocr spanningsamplitudes. Daarbenewens word huidige langtermyn strukturele analise prosedures, wat slegs golfbuiging oorweeg, hersien. 'n Nuwe tegniek wat algemene roetes en rigtinggewende seetoestandstatistieke oorweeg, ontwikkel vir afgeleë streke van die Suidelike Oseaan deur gebruik te maak van oopbron-heranalisedata, word voorgestel. Hierdie spektrale vermoeidheidsanalise word ondersteun deur vertikale buiglasresponsieamplitude- operateurs wat met kommersiële sagteware bereken word. Resultate dui daarop dat roetes met 'n Westelike rigting-komponent tot 14 keer meer skade opdoen as 'n Oostelike terugkeer as gevolg van die verlengde tyd wat branders van voor te- ëkomgekom word. Vir die SA Agulhas II, versamel die jaarlikse vaart van Kaapstad na Antarktika die meeste vermoeidheidskade aangesien dit twee hoë skadetemposones kruis. Laefrekwensie golfbuigvermoeidheid wat uit volskaalse metings bereken is, vergelyk goed met spektrale resultate vir inkrementele snelheidtoetse in golwe van voor. Die teenstrydighede wat vir stilstaande toetse opgemerk word, vereis verdere ondersoek. Dit word aanbeveel dat die spanningsmetingspunt verander word om plaaslike buige ekte te verwyder. Verder, eindige element-analise en nie-lineêre hidrodinamiese simulasies kan die studie van buigvermoeidheid bevorder.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Whipping, Fatigue, Full-scale measurements, Polar vessel, Hull fatigue, UCTD
Citation