Relationship between childhood trauma, neuropsychological deficits, neural circuitry, and anxiety proneness in high-anxiety prone and low-anxiety prone adolescents

Date
2017-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Anxiety disorders, which commonly have their onset during critical developmental periods of childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, are associated with high rates of comorbidity, chronicity, and impairment. A number of risk factors, notably anxiety-related temperamental traits, and environmental and genetic influences, have been implicated in the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Research to date, predominantly conducted in developed countries among Caucasian samples, has repeatedly shown that anxiety prone youth, characterized by elevated levels of self-reported anxiety-related temperamental traits [e.g., anxiety sensitivity and trait anxiety, together referred to as anxiety proneness (AP)] and/or youth with childhood maltreatment (CM) histories, manifest with deficits in a number of key neuropsychological domains, and in the processing of emotionally salient material. The present study investigated the effects of low and high levels of AP and CM on neuropsychological performance and emotion processing in a representative sample of predominantly non-Caucasian adolescents recruited from secondary schools in Cape Town, South Africa. In addition, the interactive effect of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and CM on susceptibility to AP in a subsample of mixed race adolescents was assessed. The present study comprised a two-tier study in a non-clinical sample of adolescents. The 1st tier constituted a cross-sectional survey and utilized a stratified, two-stage cluster sampling design. The 2nd tier comprised a cross-sectional study in which participants were closely matched on age, ethnicity, gender and educational status. In the 2nd tier, participants underwent neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological assessments, and functional neuroimaging. Adolescents were categorized into four groups, based on self-reported levels of AP and CM, namely low AP and low CM, low AP and high CM, high AP and low CM, and high AP and high CM. Evidence for the unique effects of AP and CM on verbal working memory were found. The interaction of AP with CM was associated with deficits in cognitive flexibility, processing speed, verbal fluency and IQ. In terms of emotion processing, neither AP nor CM had any significant main or combined effects on neural responses to negative or positive images, relative to neutral images, in the amygdala, hippocampus, or insula. There were no significant group differences in neural responses in the aforementioned regions. A trend for greater activation in response to negative and positive images in the right amygdala was evident in anxiety prone adolescents, relative to those adolescents with low levels of AP. Lastly, a trend toward statistical significance in terms of an interaction effect of the BDNF Met66 allele (relative to Val66 homozygotes) and CM on AP was observed. Our findings of the impact of AP and CM on various functional parameters, underscores the importance of screening adolescents for AP and CM and suggests the need for early intervention in youth focused on reducing levels of AP, reducing and preventing CM, and improving neuropsychological skills.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Angsversteurings, wat algemeen gedurende kritieke ontwikkelingsperiodes van kinderjare, adolessensie en vroeë volwassenheid begin, gaan met hoë vlakke van komorbiditeit, kronisiteit, en inkorting gepaard. 'n Aantal risikofaktore, veral angsverwante temperamentele eienskappe, en omgewings- en genetiese invloede, is by die etiologie en instandhouding van angsversteurings betrokke. Navorsing tot op hede, hoofsaaklik uitgevoer in ontwikkelde lande onder Blanke steekproewe, het herhaaldelik getoon dat jeug wat geneig is tot angs, gekenmerk word deur verhoogde vlakke van self-gerapporteerde angsverwante temperamentele eienskappe [bv. angs-sensitiwiteit en eienskap-gebaseerde angs, gesamentlik verwys na angs-geneigdheid (AG)] en/of jeug met ʼn geskiedenis van mishandeling in die kinderjare (KM), manifesteer met 'n tekort in ʼn aantal belangrike kern neurosielkundige domeine, en in die prosessering van emosioneel opvallende materiaal. Die huidige studie ondersoek die gevolge van lae en hoë vlakke van AG en KM op neurosielkundige prestasie en emosionele prosessering in 'n verteenwoordigende steekproef, wat grotendeels uit nie-Blanke adolessente, wat gewerf is uit sekondêre skole in Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika, bestaan het. Addisioneel tot bogenoemde, was die interaktiewe effek van die BDNF Val66Met polimorfisme en KM op vatbaarheid tot AG in ʼn steekproef van gemengde ras adolessente, geassesseer. Die huidige studie het bestaan uit 'n twee-vlak studie in 'n nie-kliniese steekproef van adolessente. Die 1ste vlak is saamgestel uit 'n deursnit-opname wat gebruik gemaak het van 'n gestratifiseerde, twee-fase bundelsteekproef ontwerp. Die 2de vlak het bestaan uit 'n deursnee-studie waarin deelnemers gekoppel was op grond van ouderdom, etnisiteit, geslag en opvoedkundige status. Deelnemers het in die 2de vlak neuropsigiatriese en neurosielkundige assesserings ondergaan, asook funksionele breinbeelding. Adolessente is verdeel in vier groepe, gebaseer op self-gerapporteerde vlakke van AG en KM, naamlik lae AG en lae KM, lae AG en hoë KM, hoë AG en lae KM, en 'n hoë AG en hoë KM. Bewyse vir die unieke effekte van AG en KM op verbale werkende geheue is gevind. Die interaksie van AG met KM is geassosieer met tekorte aan kognitiewe buigsaamheid, verwerkingspoed, verbale vlotheid en IK. In terme van emosionele prosessering, is daar bevind dat beide AG en KM nie 'n beduidende hoof of gekombineerde effek op neurale reaksies op negatiewe of positiewe beelde, relatief tot neutrale beelde, in die amigdala, hippokampus, of insula, gehad het nie. Daar was geen beduidende groepsverskille in neurale reaksies in die bogenoemde dele nie. 'n Tendens vir meer aktivering in reaksie op negatiewe en positiewe beelde in die regte amigdala is gevind in AG adolessente, in vergelyking met adolessente met lae vlakke van AG. Laastens, 'n neiging tot statistiese beduidenheid, in terme van 'n interaksie effek van die BDNF Met66 alleel (relatief tot Val66 homosigote) en KM op AG, is waargeneem. Ons bevindinge van die impak van AG en KM op verskeie funksionele parameters, beklemtoon die belangrikheid om adolessente te assesseer vir AG en KM, en dui op die behoefte aan vroeë intervensie in jeug, gefokus op die vermindering van AG vlakke, vermindering en voorkoming van KM, en die verbetering van neurosielkundige vaardighede.
Description
Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2017.
Keywords
Early life trauma, Anxiety in adolescence, Critical developmental periods, Maturation (Psychology), UCTD
Citation