Investigation of the effect of cooling and delays as well as CO2 concentrations during storage on internal browning in 'Fuji' apples

Date
2024-03
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: High-quality apple fruit is expected from various markets throughout the year. The use of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage is implemented to increase the availability of high-quality apple fruit. Unfortunately, the storage conditions required during CA also cause the appearance of physiological defects such as internal browning (IB) that lead to several market and financial losses. Since CA storage conditions contribute to IB occurrence, the possible use of stepdown cooling treatments was investigated in the first objective to determine if it influences IB as well as the fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apples. Harvest maturity played an important role in the development of physiological defects since bitter pit occurred when fruit were harvested closer to optimum maturity while IB occurred when fruit were harvested at a more post-optimum maturity. Ethylene influenced bitter pit development since the stepdown treatments had the highest ethylene concentration and bitter pit levels. The study concluded that fruit should be harvested at optimum maturity and be room cooled under regular atmosphere (RA) for 49 d at 0.5 °C immediately after harvest and should be stored for longer than 4 months in CA (1.5 kPa O2 and 0.5 kPa CO2) to prevent IB and bitter pit development. The second objective was to determine the effect of delayed cooling and delayed CA establishment on CO2 injury and fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apples. Again, the importance of harvest maturity was emphasized since CO2 injury developed in 2022 when fruit were harvested at post-optimum maturity and had an overall effect on fruit quality. This study found that rapid cooling of fruit after harvest is important to maintain fruit quality and several fruit quality and biochemical parameters were affected by the delayed cooling treatments. The development of CO2 injury was significantly affected by the storage duration, especially after shelf-life. Several findings of the first objective were confirmed during this study. During the third objective the possibility of predicting CO2 injury after long-term CA storage (6 months) by subjecting fruit to a short-term exposure of 3 d to high CO2 concentrations after harvest was investigated. In 2022, when fruit were harvested at post-optimum maturity, CO2 injury developed during short- and long-term CO2 treatments. However, 0.5 kPa CO2 treatment resulted in the highest CO2 injury after each evaluation period. The harvest maturity and the CO2 concentration play important roles in the development of CO2 injury during long-term CA storage and had an impact on overall fruit quality. The study concluded that a short-term treatment involving high CO2 and low O2 stress after harvest is not an accurate method for predicting CO2 injury development during long-term CA storage. Furthermore, the results suggested that harvesting ‘Fuji’ apples at optimum maturity not only prevents CO2 injury, but also enables the use of lower CO2 concentrations while maintaining fruit quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrugte van hoë gehalte word regdeur die jaar van verskeie markte verwag. Die gebruik van beheerde atmosfeer (BA) opberging word geïmplementeer om die beskikbaarheid van hoë kwaliteit vrugte te verhoog. Ongelukkig veroorsaak die BA opbergingstoestande die voorkoms van fisiologiese defekte soos interne verbruining (IB) wat tot verskeie mark en finansiële verliese lei. Aangesien BA opbergingstoestande bydra tot IB voorkoms, is trapsgewyse verkoelingsbehandelings in die eerste doelwit ondersoek om te bepaal of dit ‘n effek op IB sowel as die vrugkwaliteit van ‘Fuji’ appels het. Oesrypheid blyk ‘n belangrike rol te speel in die ontwikkeling van fisiologiese defekte aangesien bitterpit voorgekom het toe vrugte nader aan optimum rypheid geoes is terwyl IB voorgekom het toe vrugte by ʼn meer post-optimum rypheid geoes is. Etileen het bitterpit ontwikkeling beïnvloed aangesien die trapsgewyse behandelings die hoogste etileen- asook bitterpitvlakke gehad het. Die studie het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat vrugte op ‘n optimale oesrypheid geoes en onmiddelik na oes verkoel moet word onder gewone atmosfeer vir 49 d by 0.5 °C en vir langer as 4 maande opgeberg moet word om IB en bitterpit ontwikkeling te voorkom. Die tweede doelwit was om die effek van vertraagde verkoeling en vertraagde BA-implementering op CO2 skade en vrugkwaliteit van ‘Fuji’ appels te bepaal. Weereens, is die belangrikheid van oesrypheid beklemtoon aangesien CO2 skade in 2022 ontwikkel het toe vrugte by ʼn meer post-optimum rypheid geoes is en algehele effek op vrugkwaliteit gehad het. Hierdie studie het bevind dat vinnige verkoeling van vrugte na oes belangrik is om vrugkwaliteit te handhaaf en verskeie vrugkwaliteit en biochemiese aspekte is deur die behandelings beïnvloed. Die ontwikkeling van CO2 skade is betekenisvol beïnvloed deur die opbergingsperiode, veral na raklewe. Verskeie bevindinge van die eerste doelwit is tydens hierdie studie bevestig. Tydens die derde doelwit is die moontlikheid om CO2 skade na langtermyn BA-opberging te voorspel deur vrugte te onderwerp aan ‘n korttermyn blootstelling van 3 d aan hoë CO2 konsentrasies na oes, ondersoek. In 2022, toe vrugte by post-optimum rypheid geoes is, het CO2 skade ontwikkel tydens kort- en langtermyn CO2-behandelings. Die 0.5 kPa CO2-behandeling het egter die hoogste CO2 skade na elke evalueringsperiode tot gevolg gehad. Die oesrypheid en die CO2 konsentrasie speel ‘n belangrike rol in die ontwikkeling van CO2 skade tydens die BA-opberging en het ‘n impak op algehele vrugkwaliteit. Die studie het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat ‘n korttermyn behandeling wat hoë CO2 en lae O2 stres na oes behels, nie ‘n betroubare metode is om CO2 skade tydens langtermyn BA-opberging te voorspel nie. Verder het resultate getoon dat die oes van ‘Fuji’ appels by ʼn meer optimale oesrypheid nie net CO2 skade voorkom nie, maar ook die gebruik van laer CO2 vlakke tydens opberging moontlik maak om vrugkwaliteit te handhaaf.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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