The regenerative and anti-inflammatory capability of Prosopis Glandulosa
| dc.contributor.advisor | Huisamen, Barbara | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Smith, Carine | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Dietrich, Daneel | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.author | George, Cindy | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.other | Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept. of Biomedical Sciences: Medical Physiology. | en_ZA |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2015-01-13T11:46:31Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2016-01-01T03:00:15Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2014-12 | en_ZA |
| dc.description | Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction and aims: The use of herbal preparations for the treatment of various ailments has gained enormous prominence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a plant-derived product, consisting solely of dry-milled pods of the Prosopis glandulosa tree, on various altered metabolic demands placed on skeletal muscle. This study included the evaluation of (i) altered glucose uptake as a result of insulin resistance, (ii) exercise-induced fatigue and (iii) the inflammatory and regenerative process of skeletal muscle after a contusion injury, with particular attention paid to the infiltration of immune cells and the adaptation of regenerative markers. Methodology: P. glandulosa (100 mg/kg/day) mixed into jelly, was orally administered daily to rats for a period of 8-10 weeks. Aim 1: Rats were rendered insulin resistant after being on a high caloric diet for 16 weeks, where after half the animals underwent a 120 min intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test. The rest were fasted, body weight and intra-peritoneal fat weight determined, sacrificed, blood collected for blood glucose- and insulin level determination and soleus muscles removed for insulin sensitivity determination. Aim 2: Soleus muscles were excised, weighed, measured and mounted for isometric force determination. Muscles were vertically placed in Krebs Henseleit buffer solution in a water-jacketed organ bath (25˚C). Twitch- and tetanic force production, contraction time, half-relaxation time, force-frequency relationship and fatigue were measured. Aim 3: The gastrocnemius muscle was injured by a contusion injury (mass-drop model) and left for 1-, 3 hours, 1- or 7 days before further experimentation commenced. Following the different time periods, the gastrocnemius muscles were removed, divided and stored either in liquid nitrogen or 4% formaldehyde. Immune cell infiltration was analyzed with immunohistochemistry (neutrophils - His48-positive; macrophages - F4/80-positive). ADAM12 (Western blotting) and desmin (immunohistochemistry) were used as markers to evaluate muscle regeneration. Results: Aim 1: P. glandulosa treatment had no effect on body- or fat mass. Treatment significantly decreased the elevated blood glucose levels observed in the obese rats. Aim 2: P. glandulosa treatment had: (i) no effect on muscle mass or optimal muscle length; (ii) no significant effect on muscle fatigue tolerance, as both treated and untreated groups fatigued at the same rate and (iii) P. glandulosa-treated rats generated significantly increased force when the muscle was stimulated to generate a single twitch and tetanus. This augmented effect disappeared after the fatigue protocol. Aim 3: Chronic P. glandulosa treatment as well as post-injury treatment led to a significant reduction in neutrophil infiltration into the injured area. Additionally, chronic P. glandulosa treatment significantly increased the expression of both ADAM12 (day 1) and desmin (day 7) after injury, indicating faster muscle regeneration. Conclusion: The data obtained from this study is novel, since there is no known literature on the effect of P. glandulosa on insulin resistance, force generation, fatigue tolerance or muscle recovery after injury. Given the current evidence, we conclude that P. glandulosa treatment might prove beneficial as supplement, aiding physical ability and assisting in the sooner recovery. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding en doelwitte: Die gebruik van plantaardige produkte vir die behandeling van verskeie siektes neem eksponensieel toe. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effekte van 'n plant produk, wat uitsluitlik bestaan uit die droog-gemaalde peule van die Prosopis glandulosa boom, op veranderde metaboliese eise wat aan skeletspier gestel word, te toets. Hierdie studie sluit in die evaluering van (i) glukose opname, as gevolg van insulien weerstandigheid, (ii) oefengeïnduseerde moegheid en (iii) die inflammatoriese en regeneratiewe prosesse na 'n kontusiebesering, met besondere aandag aan die infiltrasie van immuun selle en die aanpassing van regeneratiewe merkers. Metodes: P. glandulosa (100 mg/kg/dag) was daagliks oraal toegedien in jellieblokkies vir 'n tydperk van 8-10 weke. Doel 1: Insulienweerstandigheid is in die rotte geïnduseer deur 'n hoë kalorie dieet oor 16 weke. Helfte van die diere het ‘n 120 min intra-peritoneale glukose toleransie toets ondergaan. Die res is gevas, hulle liggaamsgewig en intra-peritoneale vetgewig bepaal, geslag, bloed geneem vir bloedglukose- en insulien vlak bepalings en die soleus spiere verwyder vir insuliensensitiwiteits toetse. Doel 2: Soleus spiere is uitgesny, geweeg, gemeet en gemonteer vir isometriese kragbepalings. Spiere is in Krebs Henseleit buffer oplossing in 'n orgaanbad (25 ˚C) geplaas. Enkelkontraksies, tetanie, kontraksietyd, half-verslappingstyd, krag-frekwensie verhouding en moegheid is gemeet. Doel 3: Die gastrocnemius spier is beseer deur kontusiebesering (massa-val model) en vir 1-, 3 ure, 1- of 7 dae gelaat voor verdere eksperimentering. Na die verskillende tydperke, is die gastrocnemius spiere verwyder, verdeel en gestoor in vloeibare stikstof of 4% formaldehied. Immuun sel infiltrasie is ontleed deur immuunhistochemie (neutrofiele - His48-positief; makrofage - F4/80-positief). ADAM12 (Westernblot) en desmin (immuunhistochemie) is gebruik as merkers van spierregenerasie. Resultate: Doel 1: P. glandulosa behandeling het geen effek op die liggaamsmassa of vetmassa gehad nie. Behandeling het die verhoogde bloedsuikervlakke van die oorgewig rotte verlaag. Doel 2: P. glandulosa behandeling het: (i) geen effek op spiermassa of optimale spierlengte gehad nie; (ii) geen wesenlike uitwerking op spiervermoeienis gehad nie. (iii) Die spierkontraksiekrag in P. glandulosa-behandelde rotte was aansienlik hoër wanneer die spiere gestimuleer is om 'n enkelkontraksie of tetanus te genereer. Hierdie verhoogde krag het erger na die vermoeienis-protokol verdwyn. Doel 3: Kroniese P. glandulosa behandeling sowel as post-beserings behandeling het tot 'n aansienlike vermindering in neutrofiel infiltrasie in die beseerde area gelei. Addisioneel het kroniese P. glandulosa behandeling die uitdrukking van ADAM12 (dag 1) en desmin (dag 7) na besering aansienlik laat toeneem wat op versnelde spier-regenerasie dui. Gevolgtrekkings: Die data verkry uit hierdie studie is nuut, want daar is geen gepubliseerde literatuur oor die uitwerking van P. glandulosa op insulienweerstandigheid, spier kontraksiekrag, spiervermoeienis of spierherstel na 'n besering nie. Gegewe die huidige bewyse, maak ons die gevolgtrekking dat P. glandulosa behandeling voordelig kan wees as ‘n aanvulling, dus as ondersteuning in die vermoë om fisies te presteer en om die terugkeer na besering vinniger te laat plaasvind. | af_ZA |
| dc.embargo.terms | 2015-12-31 | en_ZA |
| dc.format.extent | xxxvii, 267 pages ; illustrations | en_ZA |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95745 | |
| dc.language.iso | en_ZA | en_ZA |
| dc.publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University | en |
| dc.rights.holder | Stellenbosch University | en |
| dc.subject | Honey mesquite tree -- Medicinal use -- Testing | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Prosopis glandulosa tree -- Medicinal use -- Testing | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Insulin resistance | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Regenerative markers | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | UCTD | |
| dc.subject | Inflammation | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Muscles -- Physiology | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Fatigue | en_ZA |
| dc.title | The regenerative and anti-inflammatory capability of Prosopis Glandulosa | en_ZA |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_ZA |
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