Phylogeny of emperor moths and phylogeography of gonimbrasia belina in Southern Africa

Date
2022-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lepidoptera is one of the most diverse insect orders found worldwide. African Emperor moths (Saturniidae) are understudied despite their ecological and economic relevance, as the caterpillars of many species are utilized for human consumption. Gonimbrasia belina occurs in woodlands of Colophospermum mopane (mopane tree) and Brachystegia sp. (miombo tree) across southern Africa. Mopane worms, the vernacular name for the edible caterpillars of G. belina, is regarded as the most important edible Saturniidae caterpillar in Africa as it provides not only food but also seasonal income for rural communities. As a result, mopane worms are widely harvested in southern Africa due to their high nutrient content and income generating potential. Increased demands for favoured edible Saturniidae species, habitat destruction and unregulated harvesting are placing wild populations in serious danger of decline. Currently, most research on the genetic diversity of Saturniidae has focused on species farmed in Asia for silk production. African Saturniidae have remained largely unsurveyed, and mitochondrial phylogenies of the family have so far included only G. belina and Gynanisa maja, two of the most exploited edible caterpillars in southern Africa. This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by generating baseline genetic data on seven African Saturniidae species in three tribes: Heniocha dyops, Gonimbrasia tyrrhea, Bunaea alcinoe, Nudaurelia cytherea (Bunaeini), Epiphora bauhinia (Attacini), Vegetia ducalis (Micragonini) and Vegetia grimmia (Micragonini). For that purpose, I sequenced and described the complete mitogenome of one individual of each species and inferred their phylogenetic relationships with other Saturniidae. The mitochondrial gene content and organisation was conserved across all Saturniidae species in this study. Bayesian Inference and Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions were performed separately for three datasets: (1) PCG123 - all PCGs and all codon positions, (2) PCG12 - all PCGs with 3ʳᵈ codon position removed; and (3) PCG123+rRNA – all PCGs and two rRNAs (16s rRNA and 12s rRNA). Previous studies showed similar results, in that none of the phylogenies recovered a monophyletic tribal structure in Saturniini. However, the tribes Attacini, Bunaeini and Micragonini were recovered as monophyletic clades. Additionally, the tribe Micragonini (represented by Vegetia ducalis and Vegetia grimmia) is here included for the first time in the comparative mitogenomics and mitochondrial phylogeny of the family Saturniidae. In the context of edible caterpillars of African Saturniidae, special attention was dedicated to G. belina because of its large-scale exploitation in southern Africa. I aimed to assess the intra-specific genetic diversity, population structure and phylogeographic structure of the species in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana by analysing two short polymorphic mitochondrial amplicons (Amplicon A; 600 bp; located between ATP6 and COIII, and Amplicon C; 888 bp; located between ND6 and CYTB) in addition to the standard COI barcoding region (700 bp). Overall, G. belina had 22 haplotypes and all three counties exhibited low levels of nucleotide diversity and high levels of haplotype diversity, with only one haplotype shared between South Africa and Botswana. Genetic divergence in G. belina corresponds to the broad geographical area of origin of the specimens. A maximum likelihood tree showed that most haplotypes clustered into three groups corresponding to the three countries, evidencing significant phylogeographic structure in G. belina. The findings from this study provide valuable information for future studies on the population structure of G. belina, and offers baseline data from which biodiversity hotspots may be identified in the future to inform sustainable harvesting and conservations plans in order to preserve this species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Lepidoptera is een van die mees diverse insekordes wat wêreldwyd voorkom. Ten spyte van hul ekologiese en ekonomiese belang word Afrika-keisermotte (Saturniidae) onderbestudeer. Die ruspes van baie van hierdie spesies word vir menslike behoeftes gebruik. Gonimbrasia belina kom voor in Colophospermum mopane (mopanieboom) en Brachystegia sp. (miombo boom) boslande regoor Suider-Afrika. Mopaniewurms, die volksnaam vir eetbare ruspes van G. belina, word beskou as die belangrikste eetbare Saturniidae-ruspes in Afrika aangesien hul nie net kos verskaf nie, maar seisoenale inkomste vir minder bevoorregde gemeenskappe. Dus word mopaniewurms reg oor Suider-Afrika geoes weens hul hoë voedingsinhoud en potensiaal om inkomste te genereer. Verhoogde aanvraag na gewilde eetbare Saturniidae-spesies, habitatvernietiging en ongereguleerde oes plaas wille bevolkings in ernstige gevaar van agteruitgang. Die meeste navorsing oor die genetiese diversiteit van Saturniidae fokus op spesies waarmee daar in Asië geboer word, vir syproduksie. Daar is ń tekort aan mitochondriale filogenieë van Afrika- Saturniidae, tot dusver het studies slegs twee van die mees gewildste eetbare ruspes in Suider- Afrika, G. belina en Gynanisa maja ingesluit. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die kennis gaping te oorbrug deur genetiese data oor Saturniidae van Afrika te genereer, deur die filogenetiese posisie van sewe spesies in drie stamme te evalueer: Heniocha dyops, Gonimbrasia tyrrhea, Bunaea alcinoe, Nudaurelia cytherea (Bunaeini), Epiphora bauhinia (Attacini), Vegetia ducalis en Vegetia grimmia (Micragonini). Dit het geskied deur, die volledige mitogenoom van ń individu van elke spesie te beskryf en die filogenetiese verwantskappe met ander Saturniidae af te lei. Die mitochondriale geeninhoud en organisasie is dieselfde vir alle Saturniidae spesies in hierdie studie. Bayesiese afleiding en maksimum waarsynlikheid, filogenetiese rekonstruksies word afsonderlik vir drie datastelle uitgevoer: (1) PKG123 - alle PKG’s en alle kodonposisies, (2) PKG12 - alle PKG's met 3de kodonposisie verwyder; en (3) PKG123+rRNA – alle PKG's en twee rRNA's (16s rRNA en 12s rRNA). Vorige studies het soortgelyke resultate getoon, deur dat geen filogenieë die monofiletiese stamstruktuur van Saturniini kon ontdek nie. Die stamme Attacini, Bunaeini en Micragonini is egter as monofiletiese klades herwin. Die stam Micragonini (verteenwoordig deur V. ducalis en V. grimmia) word in hierdie studie vir die eerste keer by die vergelykende mitogenomika en mitochondriale filogenie van Saturniidae ingesluit. In die konteks van eetbare ruspes van Afrika-Saturniidae, was spesiale aandag aan G. belina gegee aangesien hulle die mees misbruikde, eetbare ruspes in Suider-Afrika is. My doel was om die intra-spesifieke genetiese diversiteit, bevolkingstruktuur en filogeografiese struktuur van G. belina in Suid-Afrika, Namibië en Botswana te onleetd deur gebruik te maak van twee kort polimorfiese mitochondriale amplikone (Amplikon A; 600 bp; geleë tussen ATP6 en COIII, en Amplikon C; 888 bp; geleë tussen ND6 en CYTB) saam met die standaard COI gebied (700 bp). Gonimbrasia belina het al te saam 22 haplotipes bevat en G. belina van al drie lande het lae vlakke van nukleotieddiversiteit gehad, hoë vlakke van haplotipe diversiteit. Slegs een haplotipe was gedeel tussen Suid-Afrika en Botswana. Genetiese differensiasie getoon deur G. belina het ooreen gestem met die breër geografiese gebied van waar die monsters vandaan kom. 'n Maksimum waarskynlikheidboom wys dat die meeste haplotipes in drie gegroepeer het wat ooreenstem met die drie lande, en dus aan dui dat G. belina filogeografiese struktuur bevat. Resultate van hierdie studie sal waardevolle inligting verskaf vir toekomstige studies oor die bevolkingstruktuur van G. belina. Dit bied ń inligtings basis waarvan af gewilde oesstreke in die toekoms geïdentifiseer kan word, en dus sal bydra na die ontwikkling van volhoubare oes- en bewaringsplanne te bewaring van hierdie spesie.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Emperor moths (Saturniidae) -- Phylogeny, Bayesian phylogenetics, Saturniidae -- Ecology, Mitogenome, Phylogeography, Genetic diversity, Mopane worm -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern, Edible insects -- Africa, Southern, UCTD
Citation