Measuring fracture properties using digital image and volume correlation: decomposing the J-integral for mixed-mode parameters

Date
2017-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The degradation of material properties over time is one of the core constituents of structural integrity monitoring. For this purpose, the materialsโ€™ resistance to brittle fracture is the most widely used property in the determination of safe operation and predicting component life. Measuring such properties by conventional methods presents challenges: large numbers of samples are needed, accounting for mixed-mode loading. Non-contact measurements by digital image correlation shows promise in extracting such parameters from in situ loaded structures, accounting for their complex geometry and loading. This thesis aims to develop a framework that allows for the extraction of mixed-mode brittle fracture properties, using three-dimensional (3D) image correlation techniques: multi-camera Digital Image Correlation (stereo-DIC), and Digital Volume Correlation (DVC). The ๐ฝ-integral method was chosen for obtaining the fracture resistance, with the decomposition method used for determining separate ๐ฝ๐ผโˆ’๐ผ๐ผ๐ผ components (opening, sliding and shearing: modes I, II and III), and stress intensity factors (๐พ๐ผโˆ’๐ผ๐ผ๐ผ), as both methods are resilient to crack tip and displacement errors. The first stage of development is a finite element based method for the removal of experimental displacement artifacts from DIC or DVC results, intended as a pre-processor for the ๐ฝ-integral. Subsequently, a theoretical derivation is provided to link the two volumetric forms: the volume and the path-area integrals. This results in a proposed โ€˜hybridโ€™ integral, which benefits from the resilience to crack-front positional errors of the path-area approach, and resilience to random displacement noise of the volume integral. Initial testing of the ๐ฝ-integral based decomposition method was on the surface using stereo-DIC and the Arcan fixture to induce mixed-mode loading. The results are verified with mixed-mode fracture toughness values measured from PMMA and compared to literature and ASTM 1820 tests. The typical image correlation errors close to fracture are quantified by a methodology of applying the ๐ฝ-integral to analytical crack tip fields to which displacement errors are added artificially. It was found that the ๐ฝ-integral is most prone to DIC errors under anti-symmetric (mode II/III) loading. Testing in the volume used X-ray computed tomography to acquire images and DVC for displacement maps. The measurements were verified on two configurations: a SENT polyurethane composite specimen (mode I), and a shear loaded inclined notch in Magnesium alloy-WE43 (mixed-mode). The ๐ฝ-integral was verified against values from finite element fields resulting again in larger errors in mixed-loading. Decomposition of the volume integral requires an approach to separate the anti-symmetric ๐ฝ-integral. Two extensions are proposed: the first using a ratio derived from mode II/III Williams series formulas, and the second using the interaction integral. Both approaches are verified on DVC displacements. This thesis finds that ๐ฝ based decomposition offers a versatile method to extract ๐พ๐ผโˆ’๐ผ๐ผ๐ผ values from non-standard 3D geometries and loadings. However, the pre-processing of fields to minimise errors is essential when mode II-III displacement fields are prominent. Although it is beyond the scope of this thesis, the hope is that this work will assist in the adoption of full-field measurement techniques as a standard testing practice in structural integrity assessments, and lead to better informed maintenance and inspection schedules.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die agteruitgaan van material-eienskappe met tyd is een van die kernkomponente van strukturele integriteit monitering. Vir hierdie doel is die materiaal se weerstand teen brosfraktuur die mees algemene gebruikte eienskap vir die bepaling van veilige werking en die voorspel van die komponent se leeftyd. Die meet van sulke eienskappe volgens konvensionele metodes bied uitdagings, bv. groot getalle monsters word benodig en komplekse kragte moet in ag geneem word. Nie-kontakmetings deur digitale-beeldkorrelasie toon belofte om sulke parameters uit in situ gelaaide strukture te onttrek, terwyl komplekse kragte en material vorme in ag geneem word. Hierdie proefskrif beoog om 'n raamwerk te ontwikkel wat die ontginning van gemengde-modus brosfraktuur-eienskappe moontlik maak deur gebruik te maak van driedimensionele (3D) beeldkorrelasietegnieke: Digitale Kamera-Korrelasie (stereo-DKK) en Digitale Volume Korrelasie (DVK). Die ๐ฝ-integrale metode is gekies vir die verkryging van die breukweerstand, met behulp van die ontbindingsmetode vir die bepaling van afsonderlike ๐ฝ๐ผโˆ’๐ผ๐ผ๐ผ komponente (opening, gly en skeer: mode I, II en III) en stresintensiteitsfaktore (๐พ๐ผโˆ’๐ผ๐ผ๐ผ), aangesien beide metodes skerm teen kraakpunt en verplasings foute. Die eerste fase van ontwikkeling is 'n eindige element gebaseerde metode vir die verwydering van eksperimentele verplasing artefakte van DKK of DVK resultate, wat bedoel is as 'n voorverwerker vir die ๐ฝ-integraal. Vervolgens word 'n teoretiese afleiding verskaf om die twee volumetriese vorms te verbind, naamlik die volume en pad-area integrale. Dit lei tot 'n voorgestelde 'hibriede'-integraal. Hierdie โ€˜hibriedeโ€™-integraal vereis โ€˜n kompromie tussen die robuustheid van die pad-area-benaderingsfout van die pad-area-benadering en robuustheid van lukrake verplasings geraas van die volume-integraal. Aanvanklike toetsing van die ๐ฝ-integraal gebaseerde ontbindings metode is op die oppervlak met behulp van stereo-DKK, en die Arcan greep om gemengde-mode laai te veroorsaak. Die resultate word geverifieer met gemengde-mode-fraktuur taaiheid waardes, gemeet vanaf PMMA en baseer op literatuur sowel as die ASTM 1820 toetse. Die tipiese beeldkorrelasie foute naby aan fraktuur word gekwantifiseer deur die toepassing van die ๐ฝ-integraal op analitiese kraakpuntvelde waarby verplasingsfoute kunsmatig bygevoeg word. Daar is bevind dat die ๐ฝ-integraal die meeste geneig is tot DKK foute onder asimmetriese (mode II/III) laai. Toets in die volume gebruik X-straal-rekenaartomografie om beelde en DVK vir verplasings kartering te bekom. Die metings is geverifieer op twee konfigurasies: 'n SENT saamgestelde-polyuretaan monster (mode I) en 'n skuinsbelaaide spleet in magnesium-allooi, WE43 (gemengde mode). Die ๐ฝ-integraal is geverifieer teen waardes van eindige elementvelde wat weer groter foute in gemengde laai veroorsaak. Ontleding van die volume-integraal vereis 'n benadering om die anti-simmetriese ๐ฝ-integraal te skei. Twee uitbreidings word voorgestel: die eerste met behulp van 'n verhouding wat afgelei word vanaf mode II / III Williams reeks formules, en die tweede maak gebruik van die interaksie integraal. Albei benaderings word geverifieer op DVK-verplasings. Hierdie proefskrif bevind dat ๐ฝ gebaseerde ontbinding 'n veelsydige metode bied om ๐พ๐ผโˆ’๐ผ๐ผ๐ผ waardes uit nie-standaard 3D-geometrieรซ en ladings te onttrek. Die voorbereiding van velde om foute te beperk, is egter noodsaaklik wanneer die mode II-III verplasingsvelde prominent is. Alhoewel dit buite die omvang van hierdie proefskrif is, is die hoop dat hierdie werk sal help met die aanvaarding van volwaardige metingstegnieke as 'n standaard toetspraktyk in strukturele integriteit assesserings, en lei tot beter ingeligte onderhouds en inspeksieskedules.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2017.
Keywords
Decomposition method, Fracture of materials -- Measurement, Digital images, Digital image correlation, UCTD
Citation