An investigation into the anti-hypertensive effects of Green Rooibos Tea Extract (GRT).

Date
2019-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
Introduction and Aims: Obesity is defined as a primary cause of insulin resistance,hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), an indigenous South African herbal plant, presents with two unique polyphenolic compounds i.e. aspalathin and aspalalinin, which are associated with anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and a lower risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Green “unfermented” rooibos is dried directly after harvesting thereby preserving its polyphenolic compounds. Afriplex GRT™ is an aspalathin-rich spray-dried powder prepared from green rooibos under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards, thus ensuring high quality products. To date, the potential anti-hypertensive abilities of Afriplex GRT™ have not yet been investigated. We aimed to (i) monitor blood pressure changes in animals on a high fat diet (HFD) and determine whether the Afriplex GRT™ extract modulates diet-induced blood pressure changes within 6 weeks and (ii) elucidate mechanisms responsible for any changes induced by Afriplex GRT™. Methods: In vivo model: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control (n=40) and HFD group (n=48) which respectively received rat chow and HFD food for 16 weeks. The HFD was specifically developed to induce obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension. After 10 weeks, 20 rats of each group received aspalathin-rich Afriplex GRT™ (60 mg/kg/day) and 8 HFD animals received Captopril (positive control for blood pressure lowering effects of Afriplex GRT™) (50 mg/kg/day) for the last 6 weeks of the 16-week diet regimen. Food and water intake, body weight, intraperitoneal fat (IP-fat), liver weight, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure and urine parameters were determined. Ex vivo model: Vascular reactivity (contraction and relaxation of aorta with perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)) were determined using phenylephrine, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside respectively. Expression and activation of enzymes in the nitric oxide (NO)- synthesis pathway such as AMPK, eNOS and PKB was determined by Western blotting using aortas with PVAT. Serum was collected at sacrifice for determination leptin, adiponectin and endothelin-1 (ET-1). In vitro model: Aortic endothelial cells (AECs) were cultured to determine the effect of Afriplex GRT™ on cellular apoptosis, cellular metabolic activity and NO production. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor activity was determined using a Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay in AECs in response to treatment with Afriplex GRT™ extract or with non-fasting serum (collected previously from the experimental animals). Results: HFD (vs control) animals presented with increased: food intake (p<0.0001), bodyweight (p<0.0001), IP-fat accumulation (p<0.0001); liver weight (p<0.0001), leptin levels (p<0.01), adiponectin levels (p<0.01) and decreased glucose clearance (p<0.0001). Treatment with Afriplex GRT™ attenuated food intake (p<0.01), body weight (p<0.0001) liver weight (p<0.05) and increased glucose clearance (p<0.001). Furthermore, the HFD (vs control) reduced water intake (p<0.0001), urine excretion (p<0.05), vascular contraction (p<0.05), vascular relaxation (p<0.0001), and increased systolic (p<0.001) and diastolic (p<0.001) blood pressure; whereas treatment with Afriplex GRT™ reduced water intake (p<0.05), improved vascular relaxation (p<0.001), decreased systolic (p=0.0348) and diastolic (p=0.0434) blood pressure and interestingly, increased glucose excretion via the urine. In addition the HFD downregulated AMPK expression (p<0.0001), increased AMPK activation according to the AMPK phosphorylated(P):total(T) ratio (p<0.001), increased eNOS expression (p<0.01), decreased eNOS activation according to the P:T ratio (p<0.01), and lastly decreased PKB activation (p<0.05). Treatment with Afriplex GRT™ increased AMPK phosphorylation (p<0.05) as well as PKB expression (p<0.05) and phosphorylation (p<0.05). Afriplex GRT™ treatment did not result in cellular apoptosis, NO production or ACE inhibition according to in vitro studies, however cellular metabolic activity was increased at a high Afriplex GRT™ concentration (p<0.001). Conclusion: Treatment with Afriplex GRT™ in this animal model was closely associated with anti-obesogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive effects and improved vascular function. Increased glucose excretion via the urine is indicative of sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT2) inhibition and we therefore conclude that the associated health benefits of Afriplex GRT™ can amongst other, be ascribed to SGLT2 inhibition.
Inleiding en doelwitte: Vetsug word beskou as ‘n primêre oorsaak van insulienweerstandigheid, hipertensie en kardiovaskulêre siektes. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) is ‘n inheemse Suid- Afrikaanse kruieplant en bevat twee unieke polifenoliese komponente, naamlik aspalatien en aspalalinien. Hierdie twee komponente word hoofsaaklik geassosieer met rooibos se anti-vetsug, anti-diabetiese, anti-hipertensiewe en verlaagde risiko vir die ontwikkeling van kardiovaskulêre siektes. Groen ongefermenteerde rooibos word dadelik gedroog nadat dit geoes is, wat gevolglik die polifenoliese komponente van hierdie rooibos bewaar. Afriplex GRT™ is ‘n aspalatien-ryke gedroogde poeier ekstrak afkomstig vanaf groen rooibos en voorberei onder Goeie Vervaardigingspraktyk (GMP) standaarde wat goeie produksgehalte verseker. Tot op hede is hierdie ekstrak nog nie ondersoek vir moontlike anti-hipertensiewe potensiaal nie. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om (i) die bloeddruk veranderinge in hoë vet dieet (HFD) diere te monitor en ook te bepaal of behandeling met Afriplex GRT™ dieet-geïnduseerde bloeddruk veranderinge binne 6 weke kan reguleer en (ii) die meganismes wat verantwoordelik is vir hierdie bloeddruk veranderinge te identifiseer. Metodes: In vivo model: Volwasse manlike Wistar-rotte is lukraak verdeel in 'n kontrole (n = 40) en HFD groep (n = 48) wat onderskeidelik standaard rot kos en HFD-voedsel ontvang het. Die HFD is spesifiek ontwikkel om vetsug, insulienweerstandigheid en hipertensie te induseer. Na 10 weke het 20 rotte van elke groep aspalatien-ryke Afriplex GRT™ (60 mg/kg/dag) ontvang en 8 HFD-diere het Captopril (positiewe kontrole vir bloeddruk verlagende effekte van Afriplex GRT™) (50 mg/kg/dag) ontvang. Behandeling was toegedien vir die laaste 6 weke van die 16-week dieetprogram. Voedsel- en waterinname, liggaamsgewig, intraperitoneale vet (IP-vet), lewermassa, insulien sensitiwiteit, bloeddruk en urine parameters is bepaal. Ex vivo model: Vaskulêre reaktiwiteit (sametrekking en verslapping van die aorta met perivaskulêre vetweefsel (PVAT)) is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van fenielefrien, asetielkolien en natrium nitroprussied. Die uitdrukking en aktivering van proteïene wat betrokke is in die stikstofoksied (NO)-sintese padweg (AMPK, eNOS en PKB) is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van aortas met PVAT en Westerse klad tegnieke. Serum is versamel tydens opoffering van die diere en gebruik ter bepaling van leptien, adiponektien en endotelin-1 (ET-1) vlakke. In vitro model: Aorta endoteel-selle (AECs) is gekweek om die effek van Afriplex GRT™ op sellulêre apoptose, sellulêre metaboliese aktiwiteit en NO produksie te bepaal. Angiotensien-omskakelingsensiem (ACE)-inhibitor aktiwiteit is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van ‘n Fluorosensie resonansie energie oordrag (FRET) metode in AEC's wat behandel is met die Afriplex GRT™ of met nie-vastende serum wat voorheen versamel is vanaf die eksperimentele diere. Resultate: HFD (vs. kontrole) diere het verhoogde voedselinname (p<0.0001), liggaamsgewig (p<0.0001), IP-vet (p<0.0001); lewermassa (p<0.0001), leptienvlakke (p<0.01), adiponektienvlakke (p<0.01) en verlaagde glukose-opruiming (p<0.0001) getoon; terwyl die behandeling met Afriplex GRT™ die voedselinname (p<0.01), liggaamsgewig (p<0.0001) en lewermassa (p<0.05) verlaag het asook glukose-opruiming (p<0.001) verhoog het. Verder het die HFD (vs kontrole) waterinname (p<0.0001), urienuitskeiding (p<0.05), vaskulêre kontraksie (p<0.05) en vaskulêre verslapping (p<0.0001) verlaag asook sistoliese (p<0.001) en diastoliese (p <0.001) bloeddruk verhoog. Behandeling met Afriplex GRT™ het waterinname (p<0.05) verder verlaag, vaskulêre verslapping verbeter (p <0.001), sistoliese (p=0.0348) en diastoliese (p =0.0434) bloeddruke verlaag asook glukose-uitskeiding in die urine verhoog. Daarbenewens het die HFD AMPK-uitdrukking (p<0.0001) afgereguleer, AMPK-aktivering volgens die AMPK gefosforileerde (P):totale (T) verhouding (p<0.001) verhoog, eNOS-uitdrukking (p<0.01) verhoog, eNOS-aktivering volgens die P:T-verhouding (p<0.01) verlaag, en laastens PKB-aktivering (p<0.05) verlaag. Behandeling met Afriplex GRT™ het AMPK-fosforilering (p<0.05) asook PKB- uitdrukking (p<0.05) en fosforilering (p<0.05) verhoog. Afriplex GRT™ behandeling het nie tot sellulêre apoptose, NO produksie of ACE inhibisie volgens in vitro studies gelei nie, alhoewel die sellulêre metaboliese aktiwiteit verhoog het met die hoogste konsentrasie Afriplex GRT™ toediening (p<0.001). Gevolgtrekking: Behandeling met Afriplex GRT™ in hierdie spesifieke HFD diere model was geassosieer met anti-vetsug, anti-diabetiese, anti-hipertensiewe effekte en verbeterde vaskulêre funksie. Verhoogde glukose uitskeiding via die urine is 'n aanduiding van natrium-glukose transporter (SGLT2) inhibisie. Ons lei dus af dat die gepaardgaande gesondheidsvoordele van Afriplex GRT™ gedeeltelik ook aan SGLT2-inhibisie toegeskryf kan word.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.
Keywords
Hypertension, Obesity, Type 2 diabetics, Cardiovascular system -- Diseases, Aspalathus linearis, Rooibos tea
Citation