Growth Response of Brachystegia longifolia to Copper Mining Pollution-Induced Heavy Metal Toxicity

Date
2022-10
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mining-induced heavy metal dispersion often contaminates the soil in forests surrounding copper mines. Heavy metals are highly toxic to plant health at elevated levels depending on many factors, including species. However, the impact of copper mining-induced metal toxicities on the productivity of miombo forests is not well known. This study investigated the degree of forest soil contamination, bioavailable proportions of heavy metals, uptake and their subsequent effect on the growth and wood quality of Brachystegia longifolia, one of the commercially important miombo woodland species growing in a mining environment. The effect of copper mining activities on B. longifolia was studied as a function of distance and wind direction around an active copper mine in Mufulira, Zambia. Four sampling plots were demarcated along each transect, stretching 19 km upwind and 12 km downwind from the mine and trees were sampled from 50 m radius sample plots. Wood discs and crown leaves free of visible growth abnormalities were collected to form the biomass samples, as well as topsoil. Portable X-ray fluorescence was used to analyze the total concentration of Mn Fe, Cu and Zn in sieved soil and ashed leaves. The degree of soil contamination was analyzed using the geoaccumulation and enrichment factors, while the bioaccumulation potential of the studied elements in B. longifolia was assessed by the bioaccumulation factor. Furthermore, the bioavailable proportions of trace elements were analyzed by ICP-AES. The annual ring widths were measured and the relative tree growth was determined using the mean annual increment (MAI) across the sampling plots. The growth-limiting trace elements and stress conditions were then identified using the growth-response curve with the relative tree growth as a dependent variable. Furthermore, wood cell dimensions, wood density and elemental composition were analyzed from selected annual rings that included dry and wet years based on the mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation, respectively. The degree of soil contamination illustrated that the forest soils around Mufulira are strongly polluted by heavy metals dispersed from the copper mine. Soil contamination extended up to 7 km upwind and the entire sampled 12 km stretch downwind. The sample plot at 2 km downwind was the most polluted site accounting for 296 mg/kg, 2337 mg/kg, 1101 mg/kg and 109 mg/kg accumulation of Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu in B. longifolia leaves, respectively. In contrast, only 3196 mg/kg, 154 mg/kg, 516 mg/kg and 55 mg/kg of Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu, respectively, were reported on the furthest unpolluted site upwind 19 km from the mine. Significant decreases in the concentration of Fe and Cu were observed with increasing distance from the mine, whereas the Zn and Mn content increased significantly. Furthermore, it was also observed that B. longifolia leaves accumulated Zn (x15) and Mn (x38) more than the soil throughout all sample plots. The radial growth of B. longifolia on all contaminated sites was significantly reduced compared to the control site. A multivariate analysis attributed the reduction in tree growth to Fe and Cu toxicities and it confirmed that B. longifolia trees accumulate and tolerate Zn and Mn. The decrease in radial expansion results from a significant reduction in wood cell dimensions and proportions on polluted sites. It was further observed that Cu and Fe toxicity increases the basic wood density of B. longifolia and compromises the capacity of wood tracheary elements to transport water and nutrients. This study demonstrates that copper mining-induced heavy metal forest soil pollution and the subsequent metal stress affects the growth and productivity of B. longifolia. It shows that Cu and Fe are highly toxic to this tree species, although it can accumulate and tolerate elevated levels of Zn and Mn. Fe and Cu toxicities alter the anatomical characteristics of B. longifolia wood, affecting the sustainable utilization of this tree species and possibly other miombo species naturally growing in heavy metal polluted environments.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Mynbou-geïnduseerde swaarmetaalverspreiding besoedel dikwels die grond in woude rondom kopermyne. Swaar metale is hoogs giftig vir plantgesondheid op verhoogde vlakke, afhangende van baie faktore, insluitend spesies. Die impak van kopermyn-geïnduseerde metaaltoksisiteite op die produktiwiteit van miombo-woude is egter nie goed bekend nie. Hierdie studie het die graad van bosgrondbesoedeling, biobeskikbare proporsies van swaar metale, opname en hul daaropvolgende effek op die groei en houtkwaliteit van Brachystegia longifolia, een van die kommersieel belangrike miombo-bosveldspesies wat in 'n mynomgewing groei, ondersoek. Die effek van kopermynaktiwiteite op B. longifolia is bestudeer as 'n funksie van afstand en windrigting rondom 'n aktiewe kopermyn in Mufulira, Zambië. Vier steekproefpersele is langs elke transek afgebaken, wat 19 km windop en 12 km windaf van die myn af strek, en bome is gemonster van 50 m radius steekproefpersele. Houtskywe en kroonblare vry van sigbare groeiafwykings is versamel om die biomassamonsters, sowel as bogrond te vorm. Draagbare X-straalfluoressensie is gebruik om die totale konsentrasie van Mn Fe, Cu en Zn in gesifte grond en as blare te ontleed. Die graad van grondkontaminasie is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die geo-akkumulasie- en verrykingsfaktore, terwyl die bioakkumulasiepotensiaal van die bestudeerde elemente in B. longifolia deur die bio-akkumulasiefaktor beoordeel is. Verder is die biobeskikbare proporsies van spoorelemente deur ICP-AES ontleed. Die jaarringwydtes is gemeet en die relatiewe boomgroei is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van die gemiddelde jaarlikse inkrement (MAI) oor die steekproefpersele. Die groei-beperkende spoorelemente en stremmingstoestande is dan geïdentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van die groei-respons kurwe met die relatiewe boomgroei as 'n afhanklike veranderlike. Verder is houtsel dimensies, houtdigtheid en elementsamestelling ontleed uit geselekteerde jaarringe wat droë en nat jare ingesluit het gebaseer op die gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur en gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslag onderskeidelik. Die mate van grondbesoedeling het geïllustreer dat die bosgrond rondom Mufulira sterk besoedel is deur swaar metale wat uit die kopermyn versprei word. Grondbesoedeling het tot 7 km windwaarts gestrek en die hele gemonsterde 12 km-strek windaf. Die steekproefperseel teen 2 km windaf was die mees besoedelde terrein wat verantwoordelik was vir onderskeidelik 296 mg/kg, 2337 mg/kg, 1101 mg/kg en 109 mg/kg ophoping van Mn, Zn, Fe en Cu in B. longifolia blare. Daarteenoor is slegs 3196 mg/kg, 154 mg/kg, 516 mg/kg en 55 mg/kg Mn, Zn, Fe en Cu onderskeidelik aangemeld op die verste onbesoedelde terrein windop 19 km van die myn af. Beduidende afnames in die konsentrasie Fe en Cu is waargeneem met toenemende afstand vanaf die myn, terwyl die Zn- en Mn-inhoud aansienlik toegeneem het. Verder is daar ook waargeneem dat B. longifolia-blare Zn (x15) en Mn (x38) meer as die grond deur alle monsterpersele opgehoop het. Die radiale groei van B. longifolia op alle gekontamineerde terreine was aansienlik verminder in vergelyking met die kontrole terrein. 'n Meerveranderlike analise het die vermindering in boomgroei toegeskryf aan Fe en Cu toksisiteite en dit het bevestig dat B. longifolia bome Zn en Mn ophoop en verdra. Die afname in radiale uitsetting is die gevolg van 'n aansienlike vermindering in houtsel afmetings en proporsies op besoedelde terreine. Daar is verder waargeneem dat Cu- en Fe-toksisiteit die basiese houtdigtheid van B. longifolia verhoog en die kapasiteit van houttrakeary-elemente om water en voedingstowwe te vervoer, benadeel. Hierdie studie demonstreer dat kopermynbou-geïnduseerde swaarmetaalbosgrondbesoedeling en die daaropvolgende metaalstres die groei en produktiwiteit van B. longifolia beïnvloed. Dit toon dat Cu en Fe hoogs giftig is vir hierdie boomsoort, hoewel dit verhoogde vlakke van Zn en Mn kan ophoop en verdra. Fe- en Cu-toksisiteite verander die anatomiese eienskappe van B. longifolia-hout, wat die volhoubare benutting van hierdie boomspesie en moontlik ander miombo-spesies wat natuurlik in swaarmetaalbesoedelde omgewings groei, beïnvloed.
Description
Thesis (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Forest soils -- Heavy metal content, Soil pollution, Miombo ecology, Copper mines and mining, Plant health, UCTD
Citation