Genetic diversity and spatial patterns of distribution of Citrus greening disease and its vectors in East Africa

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Citrus spp is an important cash crop supporting millions of households in East Africa. However, the crop faces challenges of infestation by pests and diseases that lead to substantial economic loss. Citrus greening disease is the most destructive disease on citrus worldwide. The disease is caused by a phloem-limited, bacteria of the “Candidatus” Liberibacter species. The Asian citrus greening also known as Huanglongbing (HLB), is associated with the pathogen “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas) which is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama). The African citrus greening disease (ACG) associated with “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus” (CLaf) is transmitted by the African citrus triozid (Trioza erytreae del Guercio). Trioza erytreae is widespread in Africa and has been reported in 21 countries in Africa while D. citri has been reported in Asia and the Americas with recent invasions into Kenya and Tanzania. Currently, management of the diseases rely on the control of the psyllid vectors. Furthermore, targeted control measures against the vectors are dependent on the knowledge of its biology and genetic diversity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to i) To identify the Liberibacters associated with citrus greening disease in Eastern Africa, ii) determine current and predicted regional and global climate suitability of Liberibacter species associated with Huanglongbing, iii) unravel the genetic diversity of the greening disease vectors using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial genome analysis and iv) assess the microbiome diversity and genes for resistance to antibiotics within populations of D. citri. Field surveys were conducted in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda to assess the spatial distribution of the Liberibacters and vectors in the region. Quantitative PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to identify and characterise the Liberibacters. Future distribution of CLas in Africa and CLaf globally was predicted using an ensemble modelling approach. The genetic diversity of D. citri was assessed by analysing the complete mitochondrial genome of the African populations as well as assessing the simple sequence repeats within the genome of the psyllid. This provided the population structure and the possible route of invasion of D. citri into Africa. Finally, the bacterial microbiome diversity of the D. citri populations was assessed. Our findings showed that CLas was more widespread in Ethiopia than previously reported, CLas was detected in Kenya for the first time and D. citri was detected in Ethiopia for the first time. Furthermore, we found CLas in field populations of T. erytreae. The predictive modelling showed that most citrus producing countries in Africa are highly suitable for the establishment of CLas. The assessment of the genetic diversity revealed D. citri from Kenya and Tanzania had a close genetic relationship with D. citri from China while D. citri from Ethiopia had a close relationship with D. citri from the USA. Thus, two separate introduction events for D. citri into Africa was concluded. Finally, the microbiome analysis also showed that D. citri from Kenya and Tanzania had a similar microbiome composition to the D. citri from China.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sitrus is 'n belangrike kontantgewas wat miljoene huishoudings in Oos-Afrika ondersteun. Die oes staar egter uitdagings van besmetting deur peste en siektes in die gesig wat tot aansienlike ekonomiese verliese kan lei. Sitrusvergroeningsiekte is die mees vernietigende siekte op sitrus wêreldwyd. Die siekte word veroorsaak deur 'n floeëmbeperkte, bakterieë van die "Candidatus" Liberibacter spesie. Die Asiatiese sitrus vergroening, ook bekend as Huanglongbing (HLB), word geassosieer met die patogeen "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas) wat oorgedra word deur die Asiatiese sitrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama). Die Afrikasitrusvergroeningsiekte (ACG) wat met "Candidatus Liberibacter africanus" (CLaf) geassosieer word, word deur die Afrika-sitrus triozid (Trioza erytreae del Guercio) oorgedra. Trioza erytreae is wydverspreid in Afrika en is al in 21 lande in Afrika aangemeld, terwyl D. citri in Asië en die Amerikas aangemeld is met onlangse invalle in Kenia en Tanzanië. Tans word daar staat gemaak op die beheer van die psyllid vektore om die siekte te bestuur. Geteikende beheermaatreëls teen die vektore is afhanklik van die kennis oor hul biologie en genetiese diversiteit. Daarom was die doelwitte van hierdie studie om; i) die Liberibacters wat met sitrusvergroeningsiekte in Oos- Afrika geassosieer word, te identifiseer, ii) te bepaal wat die huidige en voorspelde streeks- en globale klimaatgeskiktheid van Liberibacter spesies wat verband hou met Huanglongbing, iii) die genetiese diversiteit van die vergroeningsiekte vektore met behulp van mikrosatelliet merkers en mitokondriale genoom analise te ontrafel en iv) die mikrobiome diversiteit en gene vir weerstand teen antibiotika te evalueer. Veldopnames is in Ethiopië, Kenia en Uganda gedoen om die ruimtelike verspreiding van die Liberibacters en vektore in die streke te evalueer. Kwantitatiewe PKR- en Sangervolgordebepalings is gebruik om die Liberibacters te identifiseer en te kenmerk. Toekomstige verspreiding van CLas in Afrika en CLaf wêreldwyd is voorspel met behulp van 'n ensemble modellering benadering. Die genetiese diversiteit van D. citri is geassesseer deur die volledige mitokondriale genoom van die Afrika-bevolking te ontleed, asook die beoordeling van die eenvoudige reeks herhalings binne die genoom van die psyllid. Dit het die bevolkingstruktuur en die moontlike roete van inval van D. citri in Afrika verskaf. Uiteindelik is die bakteriële mikrobioomdiversiteit van die D. citri populasies bepaal. Ons bevindinge het getoon dat CLas meer wydverspreid in Ethiopië was as wat voorheen berig is, CLas is vir die eerste keer in Kenia opgespoor en D. citri is vir die eerste keer in Ethiopië opgespoor. Verder het ons CLas gevind in veldbevolkings van T. erytreae. Die voorspellende modellering het getoon dat die meeste sitrusproduserende lande in Afrika hoogs geskik is vir die vestiging van CLas. Die assessering van die genetiese diversiteit het D. citri in Kenia en Tanzanië het 'n noue genetiese verband met D. citri uit Sjina, terwyl D. citri van Ethiopië 'n noue verband met D. citri uit die USA het. Twee afsonderlike bekendstellingsgeleenthede vir D. citri in Afrika is dus voorgestel. Uiteindelik het die mikrobioom analise ook getoon dat D. citri van Kenia en Tanzanië het 'n soortgelyke mikrobiome samestelling aan die D. citri uit Sjina.
Description
Thesis (PhDAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Citrus -- Diseases and pests -- Biological control, Citrus fruit industry -- East Africa, Citrus greening disease, Bacterial genomes -- Analysis, UCTD
Citation