Flotation of a UG2 ore in a novel pneumo-mechanical laboratory cell

Date
2018-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellebosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Flotation is regarded as one of the most significant primary separation techniques in the minerals processing industry and most platinum-bearing minerals are separated from their related gangue minerals through froth flotation. The selectivity of the flotation process is influenced by many factors, amongst others, the degree of liberation of the valuable minerals and the size of the particles in the feed slurry. For a specific flotation system – and with all else being equal – the selectivity of the process drops notably below a certain particle size (e.g. 15 μm) due to decreasing efficiencies of particle-bubble attachment and increasing levels of gangue entrainment. Against this background, conventional mechanically-agitated flotation machines are generally used in the PGM industry, where they are operated to deliver relatively high energy input and high aeration rates. In search of more efficient flotation devices for this industry, a unique flotation machine was designed, built and evaluated in collaboration with a consultant from the PGM industry. In an attempt to achieve both higher valuable mineral recovery and higher concentrate grade, especially in the finer size ranges, the specific design combined the following principles: • high energy intensity at consecutive (in series) particle-bubble attachment points; • release of loaded bubbles to a non-agitated calming zone for froth separation. As such, the flotation unit contained a down-comer (similar to a Jameson CellTM), which was fitted with three internal impellers and subsequent exit ports for the sequential release of aerated slurry. This agitated down-comer represented the high-energy intensity zone for proper particle-bubble attachment, while the outer calming zone provided a non-agitated froth separation environment. The idea behind the sequential release of intensely air-contacted slurry was to establish a concentration gradient within the outer cell in an attempt to improve the concentrate grade at minimal loss of recovery. The first objective of this study was to utilize the extensive knowledge and know-how captured in literature to design and build a pneumatic flotation cell that enables: a) multi-stage energy input during aeration for improved overall particle-bubble attachment, in an attempt to maximise recovery; b) systematic, multi-stage release of the aerated pulp into a non-agitated calming zone for froth separation, in an attempt to maximise grade while minimising recovery losses. The second objective of this study was to perform a preliminary evaluation of the flotation device, with PGM ore as feed, by characterising the cell’s performance in terms of the most prominent hydrodynamic parameters, such as superficial air velocity, energy input and cell superficial slurry velocity. These objectives were achieved by answering the following key questions: • What are the key features of a flotation cell that could potentially produce PGM concentrates with higher grades and similar recoveries than the mechanical cells currently in use? • How is the flotation efficiency of the newly designed cell (as constructed for this project) typically affected by prominent hydrodynamic parameters such as aeration rate, energy input and recycling rate? • How does this newly designed cell typically perform with regards to recovery, grade and Cr2O3 rejection, compared to mechanical flotation machines used in the PGM industry? The cell was operated in batch-like mode, with tailings being recycled to simulate multiples of these flotation cells in series. This also enabled some comparison of the test results with flotation data generated in a conventional, mechanically-agitated, laboratory batch flotation cell at an operating PGM flotation plant. Chemical dosing (i.e. activator, collector and frother) and related conditioning times were in accordance to prescriptions from the consultant and similar to recipes used on the PGM plant. A notable difference from the operation at the PGM plant was that low-TDS reverse osmosis permeate was used to prepare the flotation slurry for test work. The operating conditions were: cell superficial slurry velocity (1.8-2.6 cm/s), superficial air velocity (0.8-1.2 cm/s) and mixing intensity (680-1277 rpm in a 36 mm down-comer). The froth depth was maintained at 10 mm and scraping occurred at 8 second intervals. Within this range of operating conditions and under continuous recycle, promising results could be obtained, similar to batch flotation results from the PGM plant. In a typical run with a high overall 4-element (4E) recovery of 80.8%, the cell produced an overall 4E grade of 76.4 g/t. When the system was operated to improve grade, an overall 4E recovery of 72.6% was achieved at a very high 4E grade of 153.6 g/t. Both these runs produced good chromite rejection.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Flottasie is een van die belangrikste primêre skeidingstegnieke in die mineraalproseseringsbedryf, waar die meerderheid platinum-groep minerale deur middel van skuimflottasie gekonsentreer word. Die selektiwiteit van die flottasieproses word deur ʼn menigte faktore bepaal, insluitend die graad van waardevolle mineraal-vrystelling en die partikelgrootte in die voerstroom. Vir ʼn spesifieke flottasiesisteem waar alle ander faktore konstant gehou word, verlaag die skeidingseffektiwiteit beduidend wanneer die partikelgrootte kleiner as ʼn spesifieke grootte is (bv. 15 μm). Dit volg weens verlaagde partikel-borrel bindingseffektiwiteit en verhoogde slykoordag na die konsentraat. Teen hierdie agtergrond word hoofsaaklik meganies-aangedrewe flottasieselle in die PGM industrie gebruik waar dit bedryf word met hoë energie insette asook hoë belugtingstempos. In ʼn soeke na beter effektiwiteit is ʼn unieke flottasiesel ontwerp, gebou en getoets in samewerking met ʼn raadgewer vanuit die PGM industrie. Om graad en herwinning te probeer verhoog in spesifiek die kleiner partikelgrootte fraksies, is die volgende eienskappe in die ontwerp vasgevang: • hoë energie insette by veelvuldige (daaropvolgende) partikel-borrel hegtingspunte; • vrystelling van gelaaide borrels na ʼn nie-gemengde kalm sone vir skuimskeiding. As sodanig het die flottasiesel ʼn afvoerpyp bevat (soortgelyk tot die Jameson CellTM), wat drie inwendige stuwers ingesluit het, met daaropvolgende openinge vir die vrystelling van belugte flodder. Hierdie afvoerpyp met sy stuwers het die hoë-energie gebied verteenwoordig waar effektiewe partikel-borrel hegting kon plaasvind, terwyl die buitenste rustige sone ʼn nie-gemengde omgewing verskaf het vir skuimskeiding. Die idee agter die opeenvolgende vrystelling van hoë- intensiteit belugte flodder was om ʼn konsentrasiegradiënt te skep in die buitenste rustige sone van die sel in ʼn poging om die konsentraat graad te verhoog met minimale verlies aan herwinning. Die eerste doel van hierdie studie was om die uitgebreide kennis vanuit literatuur te benut vir die ontwerp en bou van ʼn pneumatiese flottasiesel wat: a) veelvuldige energie insette moontlik maak tydens belugting vir verbeterde partikel-borrel binding, in ʼn poging om herwinning te verbeter; b) sistematiese, veelvuldige vrystelling van die belugte flodder na ʼn kalm sone te bewerkstellig vir ongesteurde skuimskeiding, in ʼn poging om graad te verbeter met minimale verlies aan herwinning. Die tweede doel van hierdie studie was om ʼn voorlopige evaluasie van die flottasiesel te doen deur PGM erts te gebruik as voer, waar die sel se gedrag teen die mees prominente hidrodinamiese eienskappe, soos energie inset sowel as oppervlakkige lug- en flodderspoed, getoets word. Hierdie doelwitte is bereik deur die volgende sleutel-vrae te beantwoord: • Wat is die kenmerkende eienskappe van ʼn flottasiesel wat potensieel ʼn PGM konsentraat kan lewer met hoër graad en soortgelyke herwinnings as met die meganies-gedrewe flottasieselle wat tans gebruik word? • Hoe word die flottasie-effektiwiteit van die nuut-ontwerpte flottasiesel (soos gebou vir hierdie projek) tipies beïnvloed deur prominente hidrodinamiese faktore soos belugtings- tempo, energie inset en sirkulasietempo? • Hoe presteer hierdie nuwe flottasiesel met betrekking tot herwinning, graad en Cr2O3 verwerping in vergelyking met die meganies-aangedrewe flottasieselle tans in gebruik in die PGM bedryf? Die sel is bedryf volgens ʼn enkelsel benadering, waar die uitskot terug gesirkuleer word na die voer en slegs die konsentraat verwyder word. Dit het dit moontlik gemaak om die resultate van hierdie stel toetse te vergelyk met bedryfsresultate van konvensionele meganies-aangedrewe laboratoriumselle, soos verkry vanaf ʼn operasionele PGM flottasie aanleg. Die dosering van chemikalieë (bv. aktiveerder, skuimmiddel en versamelaar) en die gepaardgaande kondisioneringstye is toegepas volgens die aanwysings van die konsultant en was soortgelyk aan resepte wat gebruik is op die PGM aanleg. ʼn Verskil tussen hierdie toetse en dié vanaf die PGM aanleg was dat hierdie toetse gedoen is met tru-osmose water met lae totale opgeloste soute. Die bedryfstoestande was soos volg: sel oppervlakkige flodderspoed (1.8-2.6 cm/s), oppervlakkige lugspoed (0.8-1.2 cm/s) en mengtempo (680-1277 o.p.m. in ʼn 36mm afvoerpyp). Die skuimdiepte is by 10 mm gehandhaaf en die skuim is elke 8 sekondes afgeskraap. Met hierdie verskeidenheid beheertoestande en met aanhoudende hersirkulasie is belowende resultate verkry, soortgelyk aan enkelsel resultate vanaf die PGM aanleg. In ʼn tipiese lopie met ʼn algehele hoë 4-element (4E) herwinning van 80.8%, het die flottasiesel ʼn algehele 4E graad van 76.4g/t geproduseer. Wanneer die sel bedryf is onder toestande om graad te verhoog, kon 72.6% van alle 4E minerale herwin word teen ʼn baie hoë algehele 4E graad van 153.6 g/t. Beide hierdie lopies het goeie Cr2O3 verwerping gelewer.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2018.
Keywords
Mechanical flotation cell, Flotation -- Equipment and supplies, Froth flotation, Platinum group metals, Platinum ores
Citation