Nutrition-related knowledge, perceptions, and practices of caregivers with galactosaemic infants and children following a therapeutic diet in the United Kingdom

Date
2023-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Background and purpose: Classical galactosaemia is a rare but life-threatening inherited disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. There is no cure for the disease and the primary treatment is a lifelong therapeutic (galactose-restricted) diet commenced in infancy. Living with this rare disease and adhering to the restrictive diet can be burdensome on patients and their families. Research exploring caregiver considerations related to the dietary management of galactosaemic infants and children is lacking in the available literature. Aim and objectives: The study aimed to determine quantitatively the nutrition-related knowledge, perceptions, and practices of primary caregivers with infants/children following a therapeutic diet for classical galactosaemia in the United Kingdom. The secondary objective was to determine the perceived challenges (or barriers) faced by caregivers whose infants/children follow a galactose-restricted diet in the United Kingdom. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytical component was conducted using a novel online questionnaire. The questionnaire underwent expert peer review to establish the content validity, and a two-week pilot study established the face validity of the instrument prior to the final sampling. Volunteer sampling was used by initially emailing the survey link to 98 eligible members of the Galactosaemia Support Group who were primary caregivers of infants/children from birth to 18 years of age diagnosed with classical galactosaemia and residing in the United Kingdom. The Metabolic Support UK charity also advertised the survey link on its official social media platforms and emailed their eligible members as a supplementary recruitment strategy. Data collection took place between April and July 2022. Results: Forty-three caregivers participated in the study and the response rate was 44%. Most caregivers were mothers (84%) and resided in England (79%). The mean (X̅) age of children with galactosaemia was 8.2 years (SD=4.6) and 59% were diagnosed within the second week after birth. Almost all caregivers were considered to have a high level of dietary knowledge (98%) and perceived themselves to have very good (54%) or good (37%) knowledge about the diet. Caregivers’ knowledge scores (X̅=17.9, SD=1.7) were positively correlated with their education level (r=0.383, p=0.013). Many caregivers had high attitudinal scores (65%) of between 31 and 45 points (X̅=32.5, SD=5.5), indicating that most had an overall positive attitude towards the galactosaemia diet. Almost all caregivers perceived themselves as being confident (42%) or very confident (56%) in managing their child’s galactosaemia diet. Most caregivers had a negative perception towards being unable to feed their child breastmilk (49%), and their perception was significantly associated with their intention to feed their child breastmilk before the diagnosis of galactosaemia (p=0.038). Furthermore, 47% of caregivers felt that their children were excluded in social settings because of their adherence to the galactosaemia diet. Concerns about the safety of the child in other social settings were a barrier for 79% of caregivers, followed by social events involving eating out (53%), and the expense of groceries for the galactosaemia diet (53%). Four or more different barriers to adhering to the galactosaemia diet were reported by the majority of caregivers (54%) and there were significant associations (p<0.001) between the age of the galactosaemic child and the number, as well as the type, of barriers faced by caregivers. Conclusion: Caregiver knowledge and self-perceived confidence related to the galactosaemia diet were high; however, negative perceptions about being unable to feed their child breastmilk and their child’s exclusion in social settings due to their adherence to the diet were evident. Clear barriers for caregivers emerged around social settings, specifically related to the safety of their child, as well as the cost of groceries and eating out. Dietary interventions should focus on exploring the negative perceptions and barriers caregivers experience related to the galactosaemia diet and referrals should be made to relevant services for further support to caregivers, where indicated. Future research is warranted to expand upon these findings and further explore caregivers’ lived experiences of overseeing the therapeutic diet for their child which will help to inform and transform clinical practice to better meet the needs of galactosaemic children and their families.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond en doel: Klassieke galaktosemie is 'n seldsame maar lewensgevaarlike oorgeerfde afwyking van koolhidraatmetabolisme. Daar is geen genesing vir die siekte nie en die primere behandeling is 'n lewenslange terapeutiese (galaktose-beperkte) dieet wat in die kinderjare begin word. Om met hierdie seldsame siekte saam te leef en die beperkende dieet te volg, kan 'n las op pasiente en hul gesinne wees. Beperkde narvorsing bestaan wat versorger oorwegings ondersoek wat verband hou met die dieetbestuur van galaktosemiese babas en kinders. Doel en doelwitte: Die studie het ten doel gehad om die voedingsverwante kennis, persepsies en praktyke van primere versorgers met babas/kinders wat 'n terapeutiese dieet vir klassieke galaktosemie in die Verenigde Koninkryk volg, kwantitatief te bepaal. Die sekondere doelwit was om die waargenome uitdagings (of hindernisse) te bepaal wat versorgers in die gesig staar wie se babas/kinders 'n galaktose-beperkte dieet in die Verenigde Koninkryk volg. Metodologie: 'n Beskrywende, deursnee-studie met 'n analitiese komponent is uitgevoer met behulp van 'n nuwe aanlyn vraelys. Die vraelys het deskundige eweknie-evaluering ondergaan om die inhoudsgeldigheid vas te stel, en 'n twee weke lange loodsstudie het die gesigsgeldigheid van die instrument voor die finale steekproef vasgestel. Vrywillige steekproefneming is gebruik deur aanvanklik die opnameskakel te e-pos aan 98 kwalifiserende lede van die Galaktosemie Ondersteuningsgroep wat primere versorgers was van babas/kinders vanaf geboorte tot 18 jaar oud wat met klassieke galaktosemie gediagnoseer is en in die Verenigde Koninkryk woonagtig was. Die Metaboliese Ondersteuning VK liefdadigheidsorganisasie het ook die opnameskakel op sy amptelike sosiale media-platforms geadverteer en hul kwalifiserende lede per e-pos gestuur as 'n aanvullende werwingstrategie. Data-insameling het tussen April en Julie 2022 plaasgevind. Resultate: Drie-en-veertig versorgers het aan die studie deelgeneem en die responskoers was 44%. Die meeste versorgers was moeders (84%) en het in Engeland gewoon (79%). Die gemiddelde ouderdom van kinders met galaktosemie was 8.2 jaar (SD=4.6) en 59% is binne die tweede week na geboorte gediagnoseer. Byna alle versorgers is beskou as 'n hoe vlak van dieetkennis (98%) en het hulself as baie goeie (54%) of goeie (37%) kennis oor die dieet beskou. Versorgers se kennistellings (X̅=17.9, SD=1.7) was positief gekorreleer met hul opvoedingsvlak (r=0.383, p=0.013). Baie versorgers het hoe houdingtellings (65%) van tussen 31 en 45 punte (X̅=32.5, SD=5.5) gehad, wat aandui dat die meeste 'n algehele positiewe houding teenoor die galaktosemie-dieet gehad het. Byna alle versorgers het hulself as selfversekerd (42%) of baie selfversekerd (56%) beskou in die bestuur van hul kind se galaktosemie-dieet. Die meeste versorgers het 'n negatiewe persepsie gehad dat hulle nie hul kind borsmelk kon voed nie (49%), en hul persepsie was beduidend geassosieer met hul voorneme om hul kind borsmelk te voed voor die diagnose van galaktosemie (p=0.038). Verder het 47% van versorgers gevoel dat hul kinders in sosiale omgewings uitgesluit is as gevolg van hul nakoming van die galaktosemie-dieet. Kommer oor die veiligheid van die kind in ander sosiale omgewings was 'n hindernis vir 79% van versorgers, gevolg deur sosiale geleenthede wat uiteet behels (53%), en die koste van kruideniersware vir die galaktosemie-dieet (53%). Vier of meer verskillende hindernisse vir die nakoming van die galaktosemie-dieet is deur die meerderheid versorgers (54%) gerapporteer en daar was beduidende assosiasies (p<0,001) tussen die ouderdom van die galaktosemiese kind en die aantal, sowel as die tipe, hindernisse wat versorgers in die gesig staar. Gevolgtrekking: Versorgerskennis en selfvermeende selfvertroue wat verband hou met die galaktosemie-dieet was hoog; negatiewe persepsies oor die feit dat hulle nie hul kind borsmelk kan voed nie en hul kind se uitsluiting in sosiale omgewings as gevolg van hul nakoming van die dieet was egter duidelik. Duidelike hindernisse vir versorgers het na vore gekom rondom sosiale omgewings, spesifiek wat verband hou met die veiligheid van hul kind, sowel as die koste van kruideniersware en uiteet. Dieet intervensies moet daarop fokus om die negatiewe persepsies en hindernisse te ondersoek wat versorgers ervaar om die galaktosemie-dieet te volg en verwysings moet gemaak word na relevante dienste vir verdere ondersteuning aan versorgers, waar aangedui. Toekomstige navorsing is geregverdig om op hierdie bevindinge uit te brei en versorgers se geleefde ervarings van toesig oor die terapeutiese dieet vir hul kind verder te verken, wat sal help om kliniese praktyk in te lig en te transformeer om beter in die behoeftes van galaktosemiese kinders en hul gesinne te voorsien.
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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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