Impact of complex yeast nutrient products on selected non Saccharomyces yeasts

Date
2020-03-31
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years there has been a growing interest in non-Saccharomyces yeasts for winemaking due to their ability to produce more complex wines. These yeasts, considered weak fermenters, are used in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and compete for nutrients such as nitrogen. Therefore, it is important for the winemaker to know what nutrients may be insufficient so that corrective action can be taken. Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), a growth limiting resource naturally occurring in grape must, is important for yeast metabolism as well as for production of desirable aromatic compounds. When YAN is deficient it can lead to slow or stuck fermentations and production of undesirable compounds. Thus, to ensure a complete alcoholic fermentation and desirable aroma profile, nitrogen supplementation is required. Traditionally, ammonium salts are added as a nitrogen supplement, however, recently several complex yeast nutrients have also become commercially available. These yeast nutrients are yet to be investigated for fermentation with non-Saccharomyces yeasts. This study investigated the impact of eight complex commercial yeast nutrients on three commercial non-Saccharomyces yeasts (Torulaspora delbrueckii Biodiva™ TD291, Pichia kluyveri Viniflora® Frootzen™ and Metschnikowia pulcherrima Flavia® MP346). Fermentations were carried out with single yeasts or combined with S. cerevisiae in sequential fermentations in synthetic grape must. The M. pulcherrima sequential fermentation was repeated in Chenin blanc grape must. For the single yeast fermentations, it appeared that the nutrients had a greater effect on the onset of fermentation than on the growth of the yeasts and that one nutrient (nutrient treatment Y2) was preferred by all the yeasts. This is the first time that nitrogen supplementation at the same level but with different content was investigated for non-Saccharomyces wine yeast sequential fermentations. The ability of non-Saccharomyces yeasts to persist in sequential fermentations could be improved with nutrient selection. Further investigations with M. pulcherrima sequential fermentations in Chenin blanc must found clear differences for the two different matrices. Although synthetic must is a defined medium that reduces the risk of unknown variables, it is not a true representation of how these nutrients can influence non-Saccharomyces yeasts in real grape must. Nutrient selection can also increase desirable esters and influence the sensory properties of wine; however, this should be further investigated and confirmed through sensory evaluation. This study improved the current knowledge of non-Saccharomyces yeasts and their utilisation of complex yeast nutrients. It demonstrated that nutrient selection can improve non-Saccharomyces yeast implantation as well as improve production of desirable volatiles.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In onlangse jare was daar ʼn toenemende belangstelling in nie-Saccharomyces giste vir wynmaak doeleindes weens hul vermoë om meer komplekse wyn te produseer. Hierdie giste, beskou as swak fermenteerders, word gewoonlik met Saccharomyces cerevisiae gebruik en kompeteer vir voedingstowwe soos stikstof. Dit is dus belangrik vir die wynmaker om te weet watter voedingstowwe tekort is, sodat korrektiewe stappe geneem kan word. Gis assimileerbare stikstof is ʼn groei beperkende hulpbron wat natuurlik in druiwe mos voorkom en is belangrik vir gis metabolisme sowel as die produksie van verlangde aromatiese verbindings. Wanneer gis assimileerbare stikstof onvoldoende is, kan dit lei tot stadige of swak fermentasies en die produksie van ongewenste verbindings. Dus, om te verseker dat alkoholiese fermentasie eindig met ʼn gewenste aromatiese profiel, word stikstof aanvullings vereis. Tradisioneel word ammonium sout gebruik vir stikstof aanvulling, daar is egter onlangs verskeie komplekse gis voedingstowwe ook kommersieel beskikbaar gestel. Hierdie gis voedingstowwe is nog nie ondersoek vir fermentasies met nie-Saccharomyces giste nie. Die huidige studie het die invloed van ag komplekse kommersiële gis voedingstowwe op drie nie-Saccharomyces giste (Torulaspora delbrueckii Biodiva™ TD291, Pichia kluyveri Viniflora® Frootzen™ en Metschnikowia pulcherrima Flavia® MP346) ondersoek. Fermentasies was uitgevoer of met ʼn enkel gis of in kombinasie met S. cerevisiae in opeenvolgende fermentasies in sintetiese druiwe mos. Die M. pulcherrima opeenvolgende fermentasie was herhaal in Chenin blanc druiwe mos. Vir die enkel gis fermentasies het dit gebleik dat die voedingstowwe ʼn groter effek op die aanvang van fermentasie gehad het as op die groei van die giste en dat een van die voedingstowwe (voedingstof behandeling Y2) verkies was deur al die giste. Hierdie is die eerste studie wat stikstof aanvulling op dieselfde vlak, maar met verskillende inhoud ondersoek was vir nie-Saccharomyces wyn gis opeenvolgende fermentasies. Die vermoë van die nie-Saccharomyces giste om voort te duur in opeenvolgende fermentasies kon verbeter word met selektiewe gebruik van voedingstowwe. Verdere ondersoek met M. pulcherrima opeenvolgende fermentasies in Chenin blanc het duidelike verskille getoon tussen die twee verskillende matrikse. Alhoewel sintetiese druiwe mos ʼn gedefinieerde medium is wat die risiko van onbekende veranderlikes verminder, bly dit steeds nie ʼn ware verteenwoordiger van hoe hierdie voedingstowwe nie-Saccharomyces giste kan beïnvloed in regte druiwe mos nie. Selektiewe gebruik van voedingstowwe kan ook verlangde esters vermeerder en die sensoriese eienskappe van die wyn beïnvloed; dit moet egter nog verder ondersoek word en bevestig word deur sensoriese evaluering. Hierdie studie verbeter die huidige kennis van nie-Saccharomyces giste en hoedat hul komplekse voedingstowwe benut. Dit het verder ook gedemonstreer hoe selektiewe gebruik van voedingstowwe die inplantasie van nie-Saccharomyces giste kan verbeter sowel as die produksie van verlangde vlugtige verbindings.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Non-Saccharomyces, Nutrient, Nitrogen, Yeast -- Fermentation, Saccharomyces -- Biotechnology, Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), UCTD
Citation