Return to play in elite rugby players after severe knee injuries : addressing the knowledge gaps

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Introduction: Rugby union has been a professional sport for many years. Along with the growing professionalism of the sport, there has been increasing scientific interest in the physical profiles of rugby players as such profiling may inform player selection, conditioning, monitoring, and injury prevention strategies. Medical professionals working in an elite sports environment have the challenging task of determining if an athlete is ready to return to the playing field after severe injury. Merely passing a battery of physical tests is arguably insufficient for an injured athlete to successfully recover to preinjury status. Aim: This dissertation aims to describe elite rugby union players' physical and psychological profiles at the return to play after sustaining severe knee injuries compared to their preinjury level. This dissertation contributes new knowledge and adds practical pieces to the growing return to play puzzle. Research setting: This study was performed in Cape Town, South Africa, with the identified participants of five elite rugby teams based in the Cape Winelands and Metropole areas. Testing was conducted in an indoor biomechanical laboratory and an indoor sports facility with an artificial grass surface. This kept the testing environment consistent by eliminating any weather condition interference. Methodology: Study 1: This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to compare the anthropometry and physical profiles of elite junior rugby union players according to specific playing positions. Study 2: A prospective cohort study was performed to compare the injured participants' physical testing at return to play with baseline after sustaining a severe knee injury. Study 3: A prospective cohort study was done with injured participants completing two psychological questionnaires to assess their psychological readiness at return to play and evaluate if there was any improvement between return to training and return to play. Study 4: A prospective cohort study with a new analytical method of statistical parametric mapping analysis to assess the countermovement jump curve. Results: Study 1: This study provides up-to-date confirmation of the variation in specific playing position profiles and skills according to specific game demands at the junior elite level. Players’ profiles are matched to the specific demands of the game. Study 2: This study highlights that injured players’ running speed and decision-making time are slower after injury. The uninjured players' exposure to training and match stimulus improved their running speed and lower body explosive power during the season. Study 3: This study reported good psychological readiness and successful recovery to the preinjury status of elite rugby players after a severe knee injury. The improved scores from return to training to return to play give insight to treating professionals that athletes need longer recovery time as training exposure will decrease fear of reinjury and increase confidence in their knee function before returning to the competitive playing field. Study 4: This study's two key findings are that there was (i) no asymmetry detected and (ii) the improved peak force of affected limb at return to play after a severe knee injury which is contrary to current evidence. Conclusion: An athlete who returns to play is a complex problem and needs a complex solution. My dissertation has contributed to the elite sports population by providing return to play details on elite rugby union players’ physical and psychological profiles after a severe knee injury. This new information will give treating professionals the necessary insight and additional pieces to this complex return to play puzzle. Recommendation: An interdisciplinary approach with specific needs by developing a more holistic return to play recipe for better return to play decisions and lower reinjury rates. We monitor elite athletes for a more extended period (at least six months) after a successful return to the playing field; provide the sports medicine community information on any reinjuries, other musculoskeletal injuries, and return to (match) performance parameters. Artificial intelligence is one promising approach to inform decision-making processes by adding various player data in an algorithm to provide a return to play recommendation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Rugby is al jare lank 'n professionele sport. Saam met die groeiende professionaliteit van die sport, is daar toenemende wetenskaplike belangstelling in die fisiese profiele van rugbyspelers wat dan spelerkeuse, kondisionering, monitering en beserings voorkoming strategieë kan inlig. Medici wat in 'n elite-sportomgewing werk, het die uitdagende taak om te bepaal of 'n atleet gereed is om na die speelveld terug te keer na ernstige beserings. Bloot om 'n battery van fisiese toetse te slaag is waarskynlik onvoldoende vir 'n beseerde atleet om suksesvol te herstel tot voorbesering status. Doel: Hierdie tesis het ten doel om elite-rugbyspelers se fisieke en sielkundige profiele met die terugkeer na spel te beskryf nadat hulle ernstige kniebeserings opgedoen het in vergelyking met hul voorbeseringsvlak. Hierdie tesis dra nuwe kennis by en voeg praktiese stukke by die groeiende terugkeer na spel legkaart. Navorsingsinstelling: Hierdie studie is uitgevoer in Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika, met die geïdentifiseerde deelnemers van vyf elite-rugbyspanne in die Kaapse Wynlande en Metropole-gebiede. Toetsing is gedoen in 'n binnenshuise biomeganiese laboratorium en 'n binnenshuise sportfasiliteit met 'n kunsmatige grasoppervlak. Dit het die toetsomgewing konsekwent gehou deur enige weertoestand inmenging uit te skakel. Metodologie: Studie 1: Hierdie beskrywende dwarssnitstudie wat daarop gemik is om die antropometrie en fisiese profiele van elite junior rugbyspelers volgens spesifieke speelposisies te vergelyk. Studie 2: 'n Voornemende kohortstudie is uitgevoer om die beseerde deelnemers se fisiese toetsing by terugkeer na spel met basislyn te vergelyk nadat hulle 'n ernstige kniebesering opgedoen het. Studie 3: 'n Voornemende kohortstudie is gedoen met beseerde deelnemers wat twee sielkundige vraelyste voltooi het om hul sielkundige gereedheid by terugkeer na spel te evalueer en te evalueer of daar enige verbetering tussen terugkeer na oefening en terugkeer na spel is. Studie 4: 'n Voornemende kohortstudie met 'n nuwe analitiese metode van statistiese parametriese karteringsanalise om die teenbewegingprong kurwe te evalueer. Resultate: Studie 1: Hierdie studie bied bevestiging van die variasie in spesifieke speelposisie profiele en vaardighede volgens spesifieke spel eise op die junior professionele vlak. Spelers se profiele is in ooreenstemming met die spesifieke eise van die spel. Studie 2: Hierdie studie beklemtoon dat beseerde spelers se hardloopspoed en besluitnemingstyd stadiger is ná 'n besering. Die nie-beseerde spelers se blootstelling aan oefening en wedstryd stimulus verbeter hul hardloop spoed en laer liggaam plofbare krag gedurende die seisoen. Studie 3: Hierdie studie het goeie sielkundige gereedheid en suksesvolle herstel tot die voorbeseringstatus van elite-rugbyspelers na 'n ernstige kniebesering gerapporteer. Die verbeterde tellings vanaf terugkeer na oefening na terugkeer na spel gee insig in die behandeling van professionele persone dat atlete langer hersteltyd nodig het, aangesien oefening blootstellling vrees vir herbeseing sal verminder en vertroue in hul kniefunksie sal verhoog voordat hulle na die mededingende speelveld terugkeer. Studie 4: Hierdie studie se twee sleutelbevindings is dat daar (i) geen asimmetrie opgespoor is nie en (ii) die verbeterde piekkrag van geaffekteerde ledemaat by terugkeer na die spel na 'n ernstige kniebesering wat in stryd is met huidige bewyse. Gevolgtrekking: 'n Atleet wat terugkeer om te speel is 'n komplekse probleem en het dus 'n komplekse oplossing nodig. My tesis het bygedra tot die elite sportpopulasie deur terugkeer na spel-besonderhede oor elite rugbyspelers se fisieke en sielkundige profiele ná 'n ernstige kniebesering te verskaf. Hierdie nuwe inligting sal professionele persone die nodige insig en bykomende stukke aan hierdie komplekse terugkeer na spel legkaart gee. Aanbeveling: 'n Interdissiplinêre benadering met spesifieke behoeftes deur die ontwikkeling van 'n meer holistiese terugkeer na spelresep vir beter terugkeer na spelbesluite en minder herbeserings. Ons monitor elite atlete vir 'n langer tydperk (ten minste ses maande) na 'n suksesvolle terugkeer na die speelveld; verskaf die sport medisyne gemeenskap inligting oor enige herbeserings, ander muskuloskeletale beserings, en terugkeer na (wedstryd) prestasie parameters. Kunsmatige intelligensie is een belowende benadering om besluitnemingsprosesse in te lig deur verskeie spelerdata in 'n algoritme by te voeg om 'n terugkeer na spelaanbeveling te verskaf.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Knee -- Wounds and injuries -- South Africa, Knee injuries -- Rehabilitation -- South Africa, Sports injuries -- Patients -- Rehabilitation -- South Africa, UCTD
Citation