An investigation into the biosynthesis, metabolism and activity of 11-oxygenated estrogens

Date
2020-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Within recent years, a growing number of studies have implicated 11-oxygenated androgens as important role players in women’s health. Significantly, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) circulates at levels equal to or greater than that of testosterone (T) in healthy women, with elevated levels observed in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Given that androgens are obligatory precursors to produce estrogens, a conversion catalysed by cytochrome P450 aromatase (aromatase), it is important to consider whether 11-oxygenated androgens can be aromatized into a corresponding group of 11-oxygenated estrogens. This study shows for the first time that 11-oxygenated androgens are indeed substrates for aromatase leading to the production of 11-oxygenated estrogens, a novel group of bioactive estrogens not previously considered in human physiology. Using several aromatase expressing systems, we also show that 11-oxygenated estrogens can be produced from the aromatase catalysed 11β-hydroxylation of classic estrogens, a reaction never before reported for this enzyme. We go on to show that the 11-oxygenated estrogen, 11β-hydroxyestradiol (11OHE2), binds to and activates both subtypes of the human estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ), stimulates ER-dependent proliferation and upregulates ER-regulated gene expression in estrogen sensitive breast cancer cell lines. In addition, this study investigated the metabolism of 11KT by steroid 5α-reductase isozymes (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2), and steroid 5β-reductases (AKR1D1). We show for the first time that AKR1D1 catalyses the inactivation of 11KT committing its metabolism to a pathway that feeds into the production of the urinary steroid 11-ketoetiocholanolone (11KEt), which has to date only been considered a metabolite of the abundant glucocorticoid, cortisone. Collectively, this study provides valuable insights into the metabolism of 11-oxygenated androgens. The identification of a novel class of 11-oxygenated estrogens further challenges long-established dogmas in the field of endocrinology and shows that the contribution of the 11-oxygenated androgens, and by extension, 11-oxygenated estrogens, can no longer be disregarded.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope paar jaar het ‘n toeneemende hoeveelheid studies 11-oksigeneerde androgene as sleutel-rolspelers in vrouegesondheid geϊdentifiseer. Veral aangesien die kragtige androgeen, 11-ketotestosteroon (11KT) in vlakke soortgelyk of hoёr as testosteroon (T) in gesonde vrouens sirkuleer, met verdere verhoogde vlakke in pasiёnte wat lei aan polisistiese ovariumsindroom (PCOS) of aangebore bynierhiperplasie (CAH). Aangesien androgene die verpligte voorlopers vir estrogeen produksie is, gekataliseer deur sitochroom P450 aromatase (aromatase), is dit noodsaaklik dat 11-oksigeneerde androgene as moontlike voorlopers vir die produksie van ‘n soortgelyke klas van 11-oksigeneerde estrogene oorweeg word. Hierdie studie demonstreer vir die eerste keer dat dit inderdaad die geval is met 11-oksigeneerde androgene wat deur aromatase gekatiliseer word om 11-oksigeneerde estrogene te vorm, ‘n kragtige nuwe groep estrogene wat nog nie voorheen in menslike fisiologie oorweeg is nie. Deur gebruik te maak van verskillende aromatase uitdrukkingssisteme het ons ook gewys dat die klassieke estrogene kan bydra tot die produksie van 11-oksigeneerde estrogene, gekataliseer deur 11β-hidroksilasie aktiwiteit van aromatase, ‘n aktiwiteit wat vir die eerste keer in hierdie ensiem waargeneem is. Ons demonstreer verder dat die 11-oksigeneerde estrogeen, 11β-hidroksiestradiol (11OHE2), albei estrogeenreseptor subtipes (ERα en ERβ) kan bind en aktiveer, ER-afhanklike groei kan stimuleer en ER-gereguleerde geenuitdrukking kan verhoog in estrogeen sensitiewe borskanker sellyne. Boonop het hierdie studie die metabolisme van 11KT deur steroϊed 5α-reduktase isosieme (SRD5A1 en SRD5A2) en steroϊed 5β-reduktase (AKR1D1) ondersoek. Die studie is die eerste om te wys dat die omskakeling deur AKR1D1 tot die inaktivering van 11KT lei en dit verbind tot ‘n metaboliese padweg wat bydra tot die produksie van 11-ketoetiocholanoloon (11KEt), ‘n steroϊed wat algemeen in uriene voorkom. Tot op datum is hierdie metaboliet slegs geassosieer met die metabolisme van die volop glukokortikoϊed, kortisoon. Hierdie studie lewer ‘n waardevolle bydrae tot ons verstaan van 11-oksigeneerde androgeen metabolisme. Die identifisering van ‘n nuwe klas aktiewe 11-oksigeneerde estrogene bevraagteken gevestigde dogmas op die gebied van endokrinologie en bevestig dat die bydrae van 11-oksigeneerde androgene, en dus ook 11-oksigeneerde estrogene, nie verder geϊgnoreer kan word nie.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
11-oxygenated estrogens -- Receptors, 11-oxygenated androgens -- Receptors, Estrogen -- Antagonists, Aromatase, Biosynthesis, Breast cancer cells -- Metabolism -- Endocrine aspects, Isozymes, UCTD
Citation