HIV and antiretroviral therapy are independently associated with cardiometabolic variables and cardiac electrical activity in adults from the Western Cape Region of South Africa

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dc.contributor.authorWilliams, Cassidyen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorKamau, Festus M.en_Za
dc.contributor.authorEverson, Fransen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorKgokane, Boipeloen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorDe Boever, Patricken_ZA
dc.contributor.authorGoswami, Nanduen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorWebster, Ingriden_ZA
dc.contributor.authorStrijdom, Hansen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2023-03-27T07:45:11Zen_ZA
dc.date.available2023-03-27T07:45:11Zen_ZA
dc.date.issued2021-09en_ZA
dc.descriptionCITATION: Williams, C.; Kamau, F.M.; Everson, F.; Kgokane, B.; De Boever, P.; Goswami, N.;Webster, I.; Strijdom, H. HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy Are Independently Associated with Cardiometabolic Variables and Cardiac Electrical Activity in Adults from the Western Cape Region of South Africa. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10,4112. doi.10.3390/jcm10184112en_ZA
dc.descriptionThe original publication is available at: mdpi.comen_ZA
dc.description.abstractCardiovascular-related complications are on the rise in people with HIV/AIDS (PWH); however, the relationship among HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related parameters, cardiovascular risk, and cardiac electrical activity in PWH remain poorly studied, especially in sub-Saharan African populations. We investigated whether HIV and ART are associated with cardiometabolic and cardiac electrical activity in PWH from Worcester in theWestern Cape Province, South Africa. This was a cross-sectional study with HIV-negative (HIV�����, n = 24) and HIV-positive on ART (HIV+/ART+, n = 63) participants. We obtained demographic, lifestyle, and medical history data and performed anthropometric, clinical assessments, and blood/urine biochemistry. We performed multiple stepwise linear regression analyses to determine independent associations among HIV, ART, cardiometabolic, and electrocardiographic (ECG) variables. HIV+/ART+ independently associated with a lower body mass index (p = 0.004), elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase levels ( : 0.333 (0.130–0.573); p = 0.002), and elevated alanine aminotransferase levels ( : 0.427 (0.224–0.629); p < 0.001) compared to HIV�����. Use of second-line ART was positively associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p = 0.002). Although ECG parameters did not differ between HIV����� and HIV+/ART+, viral load positively associated with p-wave duration (0.306 (0.018–0.594); p = 0.038), and longer HIV duration ( 5 years) with ST-interval (0.270 (0.003–0.537); p = 0.047) after adjusting for confounding factors. Our findings suggest that HIV and ART are associated with mixed effects on this population’s cardiometabolic profile and cardiac electrical activity, underpinning the importance of cardiovascular risk monitoring in PWH.en_ZA
dc.description.versionPublisher’s versionen_ZA
dc.format.extent13 pagesen_ZA
dc.identifier.citationWilliams, C.; Kamau, F.M.; Everson, F.; Kgokane, B.; De Boever, P.; Goswami, N.;Webster, I.; Strijdom, H. HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy Are Independently Associated with Cardiometabolic Variables and Cardiac Electrical Activity in Adults from the Western Cape Region of South Africa. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10,4112. doi.10.3390/jcm10184112en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn2077-0383 (online)en_ZA
dc.identifier.otherdoi.10.3390/jcm10184112en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/126716en_ZA
dc.language.isoen_ZAen_ZA
dc.publisherMDPIen_ZA
dc.rights.holderAuthors retain copyrighten_ZA
dc.subjectAntiretroviral agents -- Side effectsen_ZA
dc.subjectHIV (Viruses)en_ZA
dc.subjectElectrocardiographyen_ZA
dc.subjectCardiovascular system – Diseasesen_ZA
dc.subjectElectrocardiographyen_ZA
dc.titleHIV and antiretroviral therapy are independently associated with cardiometabolic variables and cardiac electrical activity in adults from the Western Cape Region of South Africaen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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