Adjuvants to improve aerial control of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) using entomopathogenic nematodes

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dc.contributor.authorVan Niekerk, S.
dc.contributor.authorMalan, Antoinette P.
dc.date.accessioned2013-12-17T08:04:59Z
dc.date.available2014-12-31T03:00:04Z
dc.date.issued2013-11
dc.description.abstractThe citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, is a highly destructive pest of citrus, occurring only in the aerial parts of plants. Humidity will be one of the key factors to consider when using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) as biological control agents. Different adjuvants can be added to suspensions of EPNs, to improve control as a foliar application. An aqueous suspension containing Heterorhabditis zealandica and 0.3% Zeba® significantly increased P. citri mortality by 22% at 80% relative humidity (RH) with a temperature cycle starting at 22°C for 14 h and 11°C for 11 h. The same polymer formulation was tested for Steinernema yirgalemense and mortality of P. citri increased by 21% at 60% RH and by 27% at 80% RH. The addition of Nu-Film-Pw and Zebaw to H. zealandica suspensions did not significantly retard application run-off on citrus leaves. The combination of Nu-Film-P® and Zeba®, however, was able to significantly retard sedimentation, increasing the average number of nematodes deposited on 2-cm² leaf discs by 10 nematodes. In an aqueous suspension, nematodes settle rapidly to the bottom, resulting in an uneven distribution of nematodes. Xanthan gum, at a concentration of 0.2%, was highly effective at retarding sedimentation, with 72% of the initial nematode number still in suspension after 1 h. Zeba®, at a concentration of 0.3%, despite not being as effective as Xanthan gum, nevertheless still retarded sedimentation significantly. This is the first report of the potential of Nu-Film-P® and Zeba® to improve EPN performance against P. citri when used above ground in citrus orchards.en_ZA
dc.description.versionPublishers' Versionen_ZA
dc.embargo.terms2014-12-31en_ZA
dc.format.extentp. 7 : ill.
dc.identifier.citationVan Niekerk, S. & Malan, A.P. 2013. Adjuvants to improve aerial control of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) using entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Helminthology, FirstViewArticle, doi:10.1017/S0022149X13000771.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn1475-2697 (online)
dc.identifier.issn0022-149X (print)
dc.identifier.otherdoi:10.1017/S0022149X13000771
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85883
dc.language.isoen_ZAen_ZA
dc.publisherCambridge University Press - CUPen_ZA
dc.rights.holderCambridge University Press - CUPen_ZA
dc.subjectCitrus mealybug -- Biological control -- South Africaen_ZA
dc.subjectCitrus -- Diseases and pests-- Biological control -- South Africaen_ZA
dc.subjectNematodes as pest control agents -- South Africaen_ZA
dc.subjectInsect nematodes -- South Africaen_ZA
dc.titleAdjuvants to improve aerial control of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) using entomopathogenic nematodesen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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