Pre-treatment loss to follow-up in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis in Kenya - contributing factors and evidence-based interventions

Date
2024-03
Journal Title
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Background: Tuberculosis incidence and mortality are not falling fast enough to meet global targets. Pre-treatment loss to follow-up (PTLFU), when people who are diagnosed with tuberculosis are lost to care before starting treatment, has been shown to contribute substantially to patient losses in the tuberculosis care cascade with subsequent high mortality rates and ongoing community transmission. A systematic review found a high proportion (up to 38%) of PTLFU in Africa. With Kenya having limited evidence on PTLFU, I aimed to describe the scope of, associated factors, and strategies to reduce PTLFU in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: I achieved these objectives by conducting: (i) a qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) of patient and healthcare worker (HCW) perspectives on PTLFU; (ii) a retrospective review of laboratory and treatment registers of people with pulmonary tuberculosis to determine the proportion of people experiencing PTLFU and associated patient factors; (iii) key informant interviews to explore the experiences and perspectives of HCWs on PTLFU; and (iv) a scoping review of studies with quantitative data to map evidence on interventions to reduce PTLFU, identify gaps in existing knowledge, and develop a conceptual framework to guide intervention implementation.I categorized the interventions according to patient, HCW, and healthcare system levels. Results: (i) QES identified five studies describing multiple factors contributing to PTLFU: insufficient knowledge about tuberculosis and its management; poor HCW attitudes toward people with tuberculosis; communication challenges between HCWs and patients; difficulty accessing care; and weakness in tuberculosis program management. (ii) the retrospective review of laboratory and treatment registers found that, of 476 people with pulmonary tuberculosis (verified by Xpert MTB/RIF and smear microscopy), 42.4%, (95% confidence interval 38.1 to 46.9) experienced PTLFU. Age 55 and older and providing only an address or telephone number were associated with PTLFU while sex, HIV status, history of tuberculosis treatment, and residence were not. (iii) 19 key informant interviews highlighted multiple challenges leading to PTLFU: misconceptions about tuberculosis, stigma, hesitancy of HCWs to work in the tuberculosis clinic, and unclear linkage between laboratory and clinician. (iv) I identified seven interventions that reduced PTLFU: treatment support groups; mobile notifications; community health workers; integrated HIV/TB services; Xpert MTB/RIF as the initial diagnostic test; computer-aided detection with chest radiography screening; and multi-component strategies incorporating health education, home visits, and counselling. Intervention barriers included stigma and inadequate human and financial resources; enablers included mobile phones and TB testing and results on the same day. Key implementation considerations were the availability, accessibility, and acceptability of the interventions, political commitment, resources, and infrastructure. Conclusion: PTLFU affects a high proportion of people with tuberculosis in western Kenya. Multiple factors relating to patients, HCWs, and the healthcare system contribute to PTLFU. Interventions to reduce PTLFU involve providing people-centred care and strengthening healthcare systems by use of multi-component packages and community health workers. Improving systems for documenting patient information and timely delivery of test results are needed. Future research should be people-centred and consider perspectives of people with tuberculosis, as well as the social and economic factors affecting PTLFU.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Tuberkulosesyfers en -sterftes daal nie vinnig genoeg om internasionale teikens te haal nie. Voorbehandelingsverlies vir nasorg (PTLFU), d.w.s. wanneer mense wat met tuberkulose gediagnoseer word uit die stelsel verdwyn voordat hulle met behandeling begin, blyk aansienlik by te dra tot pasientverliese in die tuberkulosesorgkaskade, met gevolglike hoe sterftesyfers en voortgesette gemeenskapsoordrag. ’n Stelselmatige oorsig dui op ’n hoe persentasie (tot soveel as 38%) PTLFU in Afrika. Omdat daar nog weinig bewyse van PTLFU in Kenia ingesamel is, wou ons die omvang, verbandhoudende faktore en strategiee vir die vermindering van PTLFU onder volwassenes met pulmonere tuberkulose in Kenia beskryf. Metodes: Ons het dít bereik deur middel van (i) ’n sintese van kwalitatiewe bewyse (QES) van pasient- en gesondheidsorgwerkers se sienings oor PTLFU; (ii) ’n terugskouende oorsig van laboratorium- en behandelingsregisters van mense met pulmonere tuberkulose om te bepaal hoeveel PTLFU en verbandhoudende pasientfaktore ondervind; (iii) onderhoude met sleutelrespondente om gesondheidsorgwerkers se ervarings en sienings van PTLFU te verken; en (iv) ’n verkennende oorsig van kwantitatiewe studies om bewyse van intervensies vir die vermindering van PTLFU te versamel, leemtes in bestaande kennis uit te wys, en ’n konseptuele raamwerk te ontwikkel om die implementering van intervensies te rig. Intervensies is in die drie kategoriee van pasiente, gesondheidsorgwerkers en die gesondheidsorgstelsel ingedeel. Resultate: (i) QES bring vyf studies aan die lig wat verskeie bydraers tot PTLFU beskryf, waaronder onvoldoende kennis van tuberkulose en die bestuur daarvan, ’n swak ingesteldheid teenoor tuberkulosepasiente onder gesondheidsorgwerkers, kommunikasieprobleme tussen gesondheidsorgwerkers en pasiente, ontoeganklike sorg, en swak tuberkuloseprogrambestuur. (ii) Die terugskouende oorsig van laboratorium- en behandelingsregisters toon dat, uit 476 mense met pulmonere tuberkulose (volgens Xpert MTB/RIF en smeermikroskopie), 42,4% (95% vertrouensinterval 38,1 tot 46,9) PTLFU ervaar het. Faktore wat met PTLFU korreleer, is ’n ouderdom van 55 en hoer en die voorsiening van slegs ’n adres of telefoonnommer. Geslag, MIV-status, tuberkulosebehandelingsgeskiedenis en woonplek toon geen beduidende verband met PTLFU nie. (iii) Onderhoude met 19 sleutelrespondente lig etlike uitdagings uit wat tot PTLFU lei, soos wanopvattings oor tuberkulose, stigma, gesondheidsorgwerkers se huiwerigheid om in tuberkuloseklinieke te werk, en ’n onduidelike verband tussen die laboratorium en die klinikus. (iv) Ons het sewe PTLFU-verminderingsintervensies geidentifiseer, naamlik behandelingsteungroepe, selfoonkennisgewings, gemeenskapsgesondheidswerkers, geintegreerde MIV/TB-dienste, Xpert MTB/RIF as aanvanklike diagnostiese toets, rekenaargesteunde opsporing met borskasradiografie, en veelkomponentstrategiee wat gesondheidsopvoeding, tuisbesoeke en voorligting insluit. Intervensiehindernisse sluit in stigma en onvoldoende menslike en finansiele hulpbronne, terwyl selfone en die beskikbaarheid van TB-toetse en -resultate op dieselfde dag instaatstellers is. Belangrike implementeringsoorwegings is intervensiebeskikbaarheid, -toeganklikheid en -aanvaarbaarheid, politieke wil, hulpbronne, en infrastruktuur. Gevolgtrekking: PTLFU raak heelwat mense met TB in Wes-Kenia. Verskeie pasient-, gesondheidsorgwerker- en gesondheidsorgstelselfaktore dra tot PTLFU by. Intervensies om PTLFU te verminder behels die voorsiening van mensgerigte sorg en die versterking van gesondheidsorgstelsels deur die gebruik van veelkomponentpakkette en gemeenskapsgesondheidswerkers. Stelselverbeteringe vir die akkurate optekening van pasient-inligting en die tydige voorsiening van toetsresultate word vereis. Toekomstige navorsing behoort mensgerig te wees en moet die sienings van persone met tuberkulose sowel as die maatskaplike en ekonomiese faktore wat PTLFU beinvloed, in ag neem.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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