Exploring options for the secondary prevention of cervical cancer in South Africa

Date
2024-12
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Publisher
Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cervical cancer stands as a significant global health challenge, impacting millions of women annually. While primary prevention measures like human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination show promise, the role of secondary prevention, including screening programmes and early detection methods, is paramount. This thesis aims to assess and elucidate the multifaceted nature of secondary prevention strategies for cervical cancer. In Chapter 2, the evolution and current state of cervical cytology in South Africa is discussed, highlighting its successes and systemic challenges. The chapter emphasises the need for robust infrastructure, efficient follow-up systems, and the lessons learned from cytology that can inform the implementation of HPV DNA screening. In Chapter 3, the study findings suggest that visual inspection methods perform better in women living with HIV (WLWH) compared to HIV-negative women. This implies the justification for utilizing visual inspection methods in cervical cancer screening for WLWH. However, it is noted that these methods exhibit satisfactory sensitivity only under rigorous quality assurance measures, which might pose challenges in non-academic settings, potentially leading to over-treatment due to reduced specificity. Chapter 4 explores cervical cancer control guidelines in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, highlighting the reliance on visual inspection as a screening method, despite the World Health Organization (WHO) prioritizing HPV deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) testing in its guideline of 2021. HPV DNA testing offers high sensitivity and a negative predictive value approaching 100%, reducing the need for frequent follow-up visits and additional tests, thus enhancing cost-effectiveness. However, HPV DNA testing alone may not provide clinically relevant information without a triage test to identify women with clinically significant disease. A pragmatic advantage of HPV testing is its compatibility with triage tests like host-cell DNA methylation assessment, streamlining the diagnostic process and reducing discomfort for individuals undergoing screening. In South Africa, HPV testing is increasingly available, with reflex cytology recommended as the triage test, though molecular biomarkers like DNA methylation show promise for further risk stratification. However, more evidence is needed, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), to support their inclusion in screening programmes. Chapter 5 discusses the potential of DNA methylation assays as triage tools, citing studies showing high sensitivity for cervical cancer detection. However, conclusive evidence is lacking, especially in LMICs, necessitating further research and adaptation of methylation assays for cost-effective use. Longitudinal studies focusing on women living with HIV are particularly crucial due to limited existing research. Chapter 6 outlines a study protocol comparing thermal ablation (TA) to large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) in treating cervical precancer, acknowledging South Africa's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden and high-risk HPV prevalence. Understanding TA's efficacy including treatment failure rates is vital for adopting accessible treatments, considering the context of resource constraints. In summary, secondary prevention of cervical cancer involves a diverse array of strategies, from screening methods to treatment modalities. While HPV DNA testing represents a significant advancement, challenges remain in implementation, especially in LMICs. Further research, particularly on triage methods and treatment efficacy, is essential for improving outcomes, especially in populations disproportionately affected by cervical cancer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Servikale kanker bly 'n beduidende globale gesondheidsuitdaging, wat jaarliks miljoene vroue affekteer. Terwyl primêre voorkomingsmaatreëls soos menslike papilloomvirus (HPV)- inenting belofte toon, is die rol van sekondêre voorkoming, insluitend siftingsprogramme en vroeë opsporingsmetodes, van uiterste belang. Hierdie tesis het ten doel om die veelsydige aard van sekondêre voorkomingsstrategieë vir servikale kanker te assesseer en te verduidelik. In Hoofstuk 2 word die evolusie en huidige stand van servikale sitologie in Suid-Afrika bespreek, met die klem op die suksesse en sistemiese uitdagings daarvan. Die hoofstuk beklemtoon die behoefte aan robuuste infrastruktuur, doeltreffende opvolgstelsels en die lesse wat uit sitologie geleer is, wat die implementering van HPV deoksiribonukleïensuur (DNS)-toetsing kan inlig. In Hoofstuk 3 dui die studievindings daarop dat visuele inspeksiemetodes beter presteer in vroue wat met MIV leef in vergelyking met MIV-negatiewe vroue. Dit impliseer die regverdiging vir die gebruik van visuele inspeksiemetodes in servikale kankersifting vir vroue wat met MIV leef. Daar word getoon dat hierdie metodes slegs bevredigende sensitiwiteit toon onder streng gehalteversekeringsmaatreëls, wat moontlike uitdagings in nieakademiese omgewings kan veroorsaak, moontlik lei tot oor behandeling as gevolg van verminderde spesifisiteit. Hoofstuk 4 verken servikale kankerbeheerriglyne in die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG)-streek en beklemtoon die belang van visuele inspeksie as 'n siftingsmetode, ten spyte van die prioritisering van HPV DNS-toetsing deur die Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie (WGO) in sy 2021 riglyn. HPV DNS-toetsing bied 'n hoë sensitiwiteit en 'n negatiewe voorspelling waarde wat naby 100% kom, wat die nodigheid aan gereelde opvolgbesoeke en addisionele toetse verminder, en dus die kostedoeltreffendheid verbeter. Tog mag HPV DNS-toetsing alleen nie klinies relevante inligting verskaf sonder ’n bykomende triage-toets om vroue met progressiewe siekte te identifiseer nie. 'N Pragmatiese voordeel van HPV-toetsing is die verenigbaarheid daarvan met triage-toetse soos selmatriks-DNS-metilasie-assessering, wat die diagnostiese proses stroomlyn en ongemak vir individue wat sifting ondergaan, verminder. In Suid-Afrika word HPV-toetsing toenemend beskikbaar, met refleks-sitologie wat as die triage-toets aanbeveel word, alhoewel molekulêre biomerkers soos DNS-metilasie belofte toon vir verdere risikostratifisering. Meer bewyse is egter nodig, veral in lae- en middelinkomstelande, om hul insluiting in siftingsprogramme te ondersteun. Hoofstuk 5 bespreek die potensiaal van DNS-metilasie as triage-hulpmiddels en verwys na studies wat 'n hoë sensitiwiteit vir servikale kankerspore toon. Daar is egter onsekerheid, veral in lae- en middelinkomstelande, wat verdere navorsing en aanpassing van metilasieassesseerders vir koste-doeltreffende gebruik noodsaaklik maak. Lang termyn studies wat fokus op vroue wat met MIV leef, is as gevolg van beperkte bestaande kennis. Hoofstuk 6 skets 'n studieprotokol wat termiese ablasie (TA) met groot lus eksisie van die transformasiesone vergelyk in die behandeling van servikale pre-kanker, waarby die invloed van menslike immuniteitsgebrek-virus (MIV) in Suid-Afrika en die hoë voorkoms van hoë risiko-HPV erken word. Die begrip van die langtermyn doeltreffendheid van TA is van kardinale belang vir die ontwikkeling van toeganklike behandeling, gegewe die konteks van hulpbronbeperkings. In opsomming, behels sekondêre voorkoming van servikale kanker 'n diverse reeks strategieë, van siftingsmetodes tot behandelingsmodaliteite. Terwyl HPV DNS-toetsing 'n beduidende vooruitgang verteenwoordig, bly uitdagings bestaan in implementering, veral in lae- en middelinkomstelande. Verdere navorsing, veral oor triage-metodes en behandelingseffektiwiteit, is noodsaaklik vir die verbetering van uitkomste, veral in populasies wat buitensporig deur servikale kanker geraak word.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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