High-temperature mechanical property characterisation of additively manufactured Inconel 718

Date
2024-02
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As aerospace technology advances and the need for more advanced and intricate parts rises, traditional manufacturing methods such as casting fall short. Additive manufacturing techniques, such as laser-powder bed fusion (LPBF), have shown promising results in creating the intricate parts required. Near full density parts have been achieved, making these parts viable for use; however, the additive manufacturing process results in a unique microstructure not found in their wrought counterparts. The high temperature performance of the LPBF parts is not well documented. These characteristics are crucial, given the demanding operating conditions that these aerospace parts will encounter. Inconel 718 (IN718) is one of the most widely used alloys for high temperature aerospace applications. This research investigates the high temperature mechanical properties of LPBF produced IN718 with a specific focus on identifying whether LPBF IN718 exhibits a similar rapid strength drop-off above 650 ˚C as the wrought material. Specimens were produced using a Concept Laser Mlab 200R Laser Cusing machine and heat treated according to one of two heat treatment schemes, one of which was chosen due to its potential to improve high temperature strength, with the other more standard heat treatment being chosen for comparison. Specimen quality and heat treatment effects were confirmed through density testing and microstructural analysis. Mechanical testing was performed using a Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator which resistively heats the specimen, creating a temperature gradient across the gauge region. This allows for properties to be extracted over a range of temperatures from a single specimen. Displacement and full-field thermal data were simultaneously captured using a stereo digital image correlation system and infrared camera. These datasets were both temporally and spatially synchronised using a common triggering system and calibration procedure, respectively. This data was subsequently processed to extract temperature dependant mechanical properties; namely, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation at failure. These properties were compared to those of both wrought and LPBF produced IN718 found in literature. It was found that the LPBF produced IN718 specimens exhibited a similar strength drop-off above 650 ˚C. In addition, the data showed that the LPBF IN718 specimens subjected to the first heat treatment scheme achieved strengths comparable to that of the wrought material and were able to achieve the minimum strength requirements defined in Aerospace Material Standard (AMS) 5663, while the specimens subject to the second, more standard, heat treatment scheme were unable to meet the necessary strength requirements. None of the LPBF specimens were able to meet the elongation requirements dictated by AMS5663 at 650 ˚C. Significant anisotropy of the material properties were observed depending on build orientation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Namate die vooruitgang van lugvaart tegnologie en die toenemende behoefte aan meer gevorderde en komplekse komponente, onstaan daar groot tekorte in die gebruik van tradisionele vervaardigingsmetodes. Byvoeglike vervaardigingstegnieke soos laser-poeier bed fusie (LPBF) het belowende resultate getoon in die skep van die benodigde komplekse komponente. Byna voldigtheidsonderdele is bereik, wat hierdie onderdele geskik maak vir gebruik, maar die byvoeglike vervaardigingsproses lei tot 'n unieke mikrostruktuur wat nie in hul gesmede eweknieë voorkom nie. Die hoë-temperatuur prestasie van die LPBF-komponente is nie goed gedokumenteer nie. Hierdie eienskappe word as krities beskou te danke aan die veeleisende bedryfsomstandighede wat hierdie lugvaartkomponente sal ervaar. Inconel 718 (IN718) is een van die mees gebruikte materiale vir hoë-temperatuur lugvaarttoepassings. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die hoë-temperatuur meganiese eienskappe van LPBF-geproduseerde IN718 met spesifiek gefokus op om te identifiseer of LPBF IN718 'n soortgelyke vinnige sterkte daling bo 650 ˚C as die smeemateriaal vertoon. Toetsmonsters is vervaardig met behulp van 'n Concept Laser Mlab 200R en is behandel volgens een van twee hittebehandelingskema, waarvan een gekies is weens sy potensiaal om hoë-temperatuur sterkte te verbeter, terwyl die ander skema, meer as ń standaard hittebehandelingskema beskou word en gekies is vir vergelyking doeleindes. Toetsmonsterkwaliteit en hittebehandelingseffekte is bevestig deur digtheidstoetsing en mikrostrukturele analise. Meganiese toetsing is uitgevoer met behulp van 'n Gleeble 3800 termomeganiese simulator wat die toetsmonster deur elektriese weerstand verhit, wat 'n temperatuurgradiënt oor die meetgebied skep. Dit laat toe dat eienskappe oor 'n reeks temperature uit 'n enkele toetsmonster onttrek kan word. Verplasingsdata en volveld termiese data is gelyktydig versamel met behulp van 'n stereo digitale beeldkorrelasie sisteem en ń infrarooi kamera. Hierdie datastelle was gesinkroniseer in terme van tyd en ruimte met behulp van 'n gemeenskaplike aanskakelingstelsel en kalibrasieprosedure. Hierdie data is daarna verwerk om temperatuurafhanklike meganiese eienskappe, naamlik Young se modulus, Poisson se verhouding, swigsterkte, maksimum treksterkte en persentasieverlenging by breukpunt, te bepaal. Hierdie eienskappe is vergelyk met dié van beide gesmede en LPBF-geproduseerde IN718 wat in die literatuur gevind was. Daar is ondervind dat die LPBF IN718-toetsmonsters, 'n soortgelyke sterktedaling bo 650 °C getoon het. Addisioneel het die data ook getoon dat die LPBF IN718-toetsmonsters wat aan die eerste hittebehandelingskema onderwerp is, treksterktes bereik het wat vergelykbaar is met dié van die smeemateriaal en in staat was om die minimum sterktevereistes te bereik wat deur die Aerospace Material Standard (AMS) 5663 gedefinieer is, terwyl die toetsmonsters onderhewig aan die tweede hittebehandelingskema nie aan die nodige sterktevereistes kon voldoen nie. Geen van die monsters kon voldoen aan die verlengingsvereistes wat deur die AMS5663 by 650 ˚C bepaal is nie. Kenmerkende anisotropie van die materiaal eienskappe is waargeneem, afhangende van die bouoriëntasie.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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