The Staphylococcus aureus redoxome : characterization of enzymes involved in oxidative stress resistance and survival

Date
2019-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The prevalence of antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate in South Africa, as well as globally. In particular, multi-drug resistant pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a significant health concern, as these are responsible for the majority of hospital- and community-acquired infections. The human innate immune system is the first line of defense against such pathogens. An important component of these defenses is the chemical attacks lodged by various white blood cells; these attacks include the release of oxidising reagents such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the latter also being the active component of domestic bleach. In order to protect itself against these attacks S. aureus uses a network of redox enzymes and low molecular weight (LMW) thiols, many of which have been shown to play crucial roles in defending against reactive oxygen species. However, the manner in which the effects of HOCl is counteracted is not as well understood. This project set out to characterize enzymes of unknown function that appear to be involved in oxidative stress resistance. In addition, the mechanism by which selected LMW thiols protect a key metabolic enzyme in S. aureus from oxidative damage was also investigated. The results of the study uncover for the first time the activity of a previously uncharacterized enzyme that is conserved in several pathogenic bacteria, and identify it as a key actor in S. aureus’s defence mechanisms against HOCl, as well as the reactive chlorine species that form in the human body when it is released by neutrophils. Furthermore, a small collection of compounds were synthesized and examined as potential mechanism-based inhibitors of this enzyme. Considering the enzyme’s importance as a bacterial defense mechanism at the human-microbe interface, this discovery provides an exciting opportunity for novel drug development focused on the host-pathogen interaction. The results of this study also demonstrate for the first time the moonlighting role of coenzyme A (CoA) — usually a central metabolic cofactor — in protecting enzymes under oxidative stress conditions. In addition, a novel function of S. aureus CoA disulfide reductase was proposed. Finally, the mechanism whereby the LMW thiol bacillithiol is recycled in S. aureus was also explored. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the importance of understanding basic molecular mechanisms at the host-pathogen interface that may provide new insight and avenues for novel drug development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die voorkoms van antibiotiese weerstandbiedendheid in Suid-Afrika, sowel as wêreldwyd, styg teen 'n kommerwekkende tempo. In die besonder, multi-dwelm weerstandbiedende patogene soos Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is 'n belangrike gesondheidsorg, aangesien dit verantwoordelik is vir die meeste hospitaal- en gemeenskapverworwe infeksies. Die menslike aangebore immuunstelsel is die eerste lyn van verdediging teen sulke patogene. 'N Belangrike komponent van hierdie verdediging is die gebruik van chemiese aanvalle deur verskeie witbloedselle; hierdie aanvalle sluit in die vrystelling van oksideermiddels soos waterstofperoksied (H2O2) en hipochloorsuur (HOCl), die aktiewe komponent van huishoudelike bleikmiddel. Ten einde homself te beskerm teen hierdie aanvalle, produseer S.aureus 'n netwerk van ensieme en lae molekulêre gewig (LMW) thiols, waarvan baiegewys word om belangrike rol te speel in die verdediging van reaktiewe suurstofspesies.Die manier waarop HOCl verset word, is egter nie so goed verstaan nie. Hierdie projek hetbetrekking op ensieme van onbekende funksie wat blykbaar by oksidatiewe stresweerstandbetrokke is. Daarbenewens is die meganisme waardeur geselekteerde LMW-tiole 'nbelangrike metaboliese ensiem S. aureus van oksidatiewe skade beskerm, ook ondersoek. Die resultate van die studie onthul vir die eerste keer die aktiwiteit van 'n voorheen ongekarakteriseerde ensiem wat in verskeie patogene bakterieë bewaar word, en identifiseer dit as 'n sleutelaktor in S. aureus se verdedigingsmeganismes teen HOCl en die reaktiewe chloorspesies wat in die menslike liggaam vorm wanneer dit deur neutrofiele vrygestel word. Verder is 'n klein versameling verbindings gesintetiseer en ondersoek as potensiële meganisme gebaseerde inhibeerders. Met inagneming van die belangrikheid van hierdie ensiem as 'n bakteriese verdedigingsmeganisme by die mens-mikrobe-koppelvlak, bied dit 'n opwindende geleentheid vir nuwe geneesmiddelontwikkeling, sowel as die vergroting van die begrip van hoe HOCl en reaktiewe chloorspesies moontlik in S. aureus verwerk kan word. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon ook vir die eerste keer die maanliggingsrol van koënsiem A (CoA) — gewoonlik 'n sentrale metaboliese kofaktor — in die beskerming van ensieme onder oksidatiewe stres toestande. Daarbenewens is 'n nuwe funksie van S. aureus CoA disulfide reduktase voorgestel. Ten slotte word die meganisme waarvolgens die LMW-thiolbacillithiol herwin word, S. aureus ondersoek. Saam met mekaar, die resultate van hierdie studie demonstreer die belangrikheid van die verstaan van basiese molekulêre meganismes by die gasheer-patogeen koppelvlak wat nuwe insig en weë vir nuwe geneesmiddelontwikkeling kan bied.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.
Keywords
Antibiotic Resistance, Oxidative Stress -- Effect of drugs on, Staphylococcus aureus -- Analysis, Drug resistance in microorganisms, UCTD
Citation