The clinical course and outcomes of first episode psychosis : a study of the acute, medium and long-term outcomes in a cohort rigorously treated in the early phase of illness

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: The period surrounding the first episode of psychosis represents a critical period in the natural course of the illness. There are several studies on the nature of the clinical presentation, the effects of treatment, course, and the outcome of the illness. However, there remain several knowledge gaps. This PhD sought to address some of those gaps. The overall aim was to assess the acute, medium- and long-term clinical and functional outcomes of participants with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders who received intensive treatment with a long-acting injectable antipsychotic over a period of 24 months. We reported a well-established finding that psychotic symptoms in patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders respond well to antipsychotic treatment. Overall, outcomes were favourable, with 70% achieving symptom remission, 56% functional remission and 61% rating their quality of life as good or excellent (although only 29% met all three of our criteria for recovery simultaneously). Symptom remission may be an important stepping stone to recovery, insofar as very few patients (9%) who did not achieve symptom remission were able to achieve functional remission and a good subjective quality. Our finding on longitudinal assessment of changes in insight was that in contrast to clinicianrated insight, significant impairments in patient-rated insight persisted despite assured treatment. This suggests that insight impairment is more trait- than state-related. We found that depressive symptoms during the early phase of illness are intrinsic to psychosis and responded well to antipsychotic treatment. Regarding negative symptoms, we replicated the two-factor structure, namely an experiential and an expressive domain, although the two subdomains appear closely related rather than being independent entities. Premorbid correlates and treatment response trajectories were similar for the two subdomains. We found that secondary negative symptoms affect the subdomains differentially. Depression affects the experiential subdomain, whereas extrapyramidal symptoms affect the expressive subdomain. A link between lipid metabolism and negative symptoms is suggested in that post-hoc testing indicated that reductions in HDL-cholesterol levels were associated with less improvement in both expressive and experiential subdomain scores. Taken together, our findings support the use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics as a first line treatment in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, perhaps particularly in resource constrained settings such as our own.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tydperk rondom die eerste episode van psigose verteenwoordig 'n kritieke tydperk in die natuurlike verloop van die siekte. Daar is verskeie studies oor die aard van die kliniese beeld, die gevolge van behandeling, verloop en uitkoms van die siekte. Daar heers egter nog steeds verskeie kennis-gapings. Hierdie PhD het gepoog om van die leemtes aan te spreek. Die oorkoepelende doel was om die akute, medium- en langtermyn kliniese en funksionele uitkomste van deelnemers met skisofrenie spektrum steurnisse in die eerste episode te evalueer, wat oor 'n tydperk van 24 maande intensiewe behandeling ontvang het met 'n langwerkende inspuitbare antipsigotiese middel. Ons rapporteer ʼn goed bevestigde bevinding, dat pasiënte met skisofrenie spektrum steurnisse, se psigotiese simptome tydens die eerste episode goed reageer op antipsigotiese behandeling. Oor die algemeen was die uitkomste gunstig, met 70% wat simptomatiese remissie behaal het, 56% funksionele remissie, terwyl 61% hul lewensgehalte as goed of uitstekend beskou het (alhoewel slegs 29% gelyktydig aan al drie ons kriteria vir herstel voldoen het). Remissie van simptome kan 'n belangrike stap tot herstel wees, in soverre baie min pasiënte (9%) wat nie simptoom-remissie behaal het nie, was in staat om funksionele remissie en 'n goeie subjektiewe kwaliteit te behaal. Ons bevinding oor die longitudinale koers van veranderinge met betrekking tot pasiënt insig, was in teenstelling met die insig soos deur 'n dokter gegradeer was, daar het deurgaans ʼn beduidende gestremdheid rakende pasiënt gegradeerde insig geheers, ondanks versekerde behandeling. Dit dui daarop dat insig gestemdheid meer persoonlikheidseienskap as siektetoestandeienskap verwant is. Ons het gevind dat depressiewe simptome tydens die vroeë fase van die siekte inherent gekoppel is aan psigose en goed gereageer het op antipsigotiese behandeling. Wat die negatiewe simptome aanbetref, het ons die twee-faktor struktuur gereproduseer, naamlik 'n ervarings- en ekspressiewe domein, alhoewel hierdie twee sub-domeine nou verwant voorgekom het, dit eerder as twee onafhanklike entiteite gesien kan word. Premorbiede korrelate en behandelings-verwante trajekte was soortgelyk vir die twee subdomeine. Ons het gevind dat sekondêre negatiewe simptome die sub-domeine differensieël beïnvloed. Depressie het die ervarings sub-domein beïnvloed, terwyl ekstrapiramidale simptome die ekspressiewe sub-domein beïnvloed het. Assosiasies tussen lipied metabolisme en negatiewe simptome was aangedui, aangesien post-hok-toetse ‘n verhouding tussen verlagings in HDL-cholesterol vlakke en minder verbetering in beide ekspressiewe- en ervarings domein tellings getoon het. Ter opsomming, ons bevindinge het die gebruik van langwerkende inspuitbare antipsigotiese middels, as ʼn eerste linie van behandeling vir skisofrenie spektrum steurnisse ondersteun, miskien veral in hulpbron beperkte instellings, soos ons eie.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Schizophrenia -- Treatment -- South Africa, Mental illness -- Patients -- South Africa, Psychoses -- Diagnosis -- South Africa, Schizophrenia -- Diagnosis -- South Africa, UCTD
Citation