In-season mineral nutrient management of citrus by early (spring/summer) season sampling of leaves, fruitlets, and flowers

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Tree nutrient supply must be optimal to ensure the production of high yields of quality fruit. Fertiliser schedules are adjusted based on the results of various diagnostic tools – one such tool is analysis of plant parts. In the South African citrus industry, leaves from fruit bearing shoots are sampled and analysed during autumn, at which time the season’s fertiliser schedule has often been implemented either entirely or with only a small portion outstanding. The results of autumn analyses are used to adjust the fertiliser schedule of the following season. This is a retrospective method of managing tree nutrient status and there is a need for a more proactive method. The latter could potentially be achieved by sampling earlier (spring/summer) in the season, thereby allowing for adjustment of current season fertiliser schedules. In this study, the relationship between early season nutrient concentration in leaves, fruitlets, and flowers and final fruit nutrient concentration at harvest, was evaluated. Five treatments were applied, viz. the normal fertiliser schedule (control), 200% N of the control, 200% P of the control, 200% K of the control, and 200% Mg of the control. The two trial sites used were in separate geographic regions of South Africa; Nelspruit of the Mpumalanga province which has a sub-tropical climate and summer rainfall, in a ‘Midknight’ Valencia orchard and De Wet of the Western Cape province which has a mediterranean-type climate and winter rainfall, in an ‘Orri’ mandarin orchard. Leaf, fruitlet, and flower nutrient analysis results did not indicate significant reactions to the nutrient treatments. However, the N- and K-treatments did induce a response. The N-treatment produced an immediate response in leaf and fruitlet N concentration, which was maintained during the second season. A response to the K-treatment was only observed in leaf K content during the second season. ‘Orri’ mandarins were less responsive to the trial treatments compared to the ‘Midknight’ Valencias, with only the K-treatment producing a response in leaf nutrient content and only during the second season. Correlations between nutrient analysis of different plant parts and final fruit nutrient concentration was not strong. The effect of excessive application rates of nutrients on final fruit quality, and the relationship between early season analysis of leaves, fruitlets, and flowers and that of final fruit quality were also evaluated. The treatments produced significant differences within quality parameters (rind colour, TSS, TA, fruit size) for the control and the N- and K-treatments of both the ‘Midknight’ trial and the ‘Orri’ trial. Most notably, in the ‘Orri’ trial where N was liberally applied and K was moderately applied, the K-treatment response on final fruit quality was strongly expressed during the second season. Nutrient content of leaves from fruit bearing and non-fruit bearing shoots were compared. In both cultivars, leaves from non-fruit bearing shoots had significantly higher concentrations of N, P and K, whereas the Ca levels were higher in the leaves from fruit bearing shoots. Additionally, leaves from non-fruit bearing shoots were more responsive to changes in nutrient supply. This study suggests that the accepted sufficiency ranges of leaf nutrient concentration might be too wide, and that the expected treatment responses might only occur at lower nutrient application rates. It is expected that correlations with final fruit nutrient concentration will be stronger at lower leaf, fruitlet, and flower nutrient concentrations, due to the law of diminishing returns which states that at a certain point additional changes to a system will yield smaller and smaller improvements resulting. In addition, it was found that, a significant change in nutrient concentration within leaves and fruit does not necessarily have to precede a significant fruit quality response, suggesting that current leaf nutrient norms might be too wide to predict nutrient related fruit quality responses under all circumstances.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Boomvoeding moet optimaal wees om die produksie van hoë opbrengste van goeie kwaliteit vrugte te verseker. Kunsmisskedules word aangepas op grond van die resultate van verskeie diagnostiese hulpmiddels – een so 'n hulpmiddel is ontleding van plantdele. In die Suid-Afrikaanse sitrusbedryf word blare van vrugdraende lote gedurende herfs gemonster en ontleed. Teen hierdie tyd is die seisoen se bemestingsprogram heeltemal óf grootendeels afgehandel. Die resultate van herfsontledings word dus gebruik om die bemestingsprogram vir die volgende seisoen aan te pas. Dit is 'n retrospektiewe benadering om boomvoeding te bestuur en daar is 'n behoefte vir 'n meer proaktiewe metode. Laasgenoemde kan moontlik bewerkstellig word deur vroeër (lente/somer) in die seisoen blare te monster, sodat aanpassings reeds in die huidige seisoen gemaak kan word. In hierdie studie is die verband tussen voedingselementkonsentrasie in blare wat vroeg gemonster word, vruggies en blomme en die finale elementkonsentrasie in die vrugte tydens oes geëvalueer. Vyf behandelings is toegepas, nl. die normale bemestingsprogram deur die produsent gevolg (kontrole), stikstofbemesting teen 200% van die kontrole, fosfaatbemesting teen 200% van die kontrole, kaliumbemesting teen 200% van die kontrole, en magnesiumbemesting teen 200% van die kontrole. Die twee proefpersele wat gebruik was, was in afsonderlike geografiese streke van Suid-Afrika; naamlik in Nelspruit (Mpumalanga) wat 'n sub-tropiese klimaat en somerreënval het is ‘n 'Midknight' Valencia-boord gebruik terwyl daar in De Wet (Wes-Kaap wat 'n mediterreense-tipe klimaat en winterreënval het) 'n 'Orri' mandarynboord gebruik is. Blom minerale voedingselementontledings het nie betekenisvolle reaksies op die bemestingsbehandelings getoon nie. Die N- en K-behandelings het egter wel 'n reaksie in die blare se samestelling geïnduseer. Die N-behandeling het 'n onmiddellike reaksie in blaar- en vrug-N-konsentrasie gelewer, wat ook gedurende die tweede seisoen gehandhaaf is. 'n Reaksie op die K-behandeling is slegs in blare se K-inhoud gedurende die tweede seisoen waargeneem. Die 'Orri' mandaryne het ‘n swakker reaksie op die proefbehandelings getoon in vergelyking met die 'Midknight' Valencias, te wete dat slegs die K-behandeling 'n reaksie in blare se elementinhoude geïnduseer het, en dan ook slegs gedurende die tweede seisoen. Korrelasies tussen elementontledings van verskillende plantdele en finale konsentrasie in die vrugte was swak. Die effek van oormatige toedienings van voedingselemente op vrugkwaliteit, en die verband tussen vroeë seisoen-analise van blare, vruggies en blomme en dié van finale vrugkwaliteit is ook geëvalueer. Die behandelings het beduidende verskille in skilkleur, TSS, TA en vruggrootte tussen die kontrole en die N- en K-behandelings opgelewer vir beide die proefblokke. In die 'Orri'-proef, waar N teen baie hoë hoeveelhede toegedien was en K in matige hoeveelhede, was die effek op die K-behandelingsreaksie op finale vrugkwaliteit opmerklik gedurende die tweede seisoen. Elementinhoud van blare van vrugdraende en nie-vrugdraende lote is vergelyk. In beide kultivars het blare van nie-vrugdraende lote aansienlik hoër konsentrasies N, P en K gehad, terwyl die Ca- vlakke hoër was in die blare van vrugdraende lote. Boonop was blare van nie-vrugdraende lote meer sensitief op veranderinge in voedingstoftoedienings. Hierdie studie dui daarop dat die aanvaarde norme vir blare se elementinhoude te wyd kan wees, en dat behandelingsreaksies waarskynlik eerder by laer kunsmis peile waargeneem sal word. Daar word verwag dat korrelasies met finale vrug elementkonsentrasies sterker sal wees by laer blaar-, vrug- en blomkonsentrasies as gevolg van die wet van afnemende opbrengste wat sê dat op 'n sekere punt, bykomende veranderinge aan 'n stelsel kleiner en kleiner verbeteringe sal oplewer. Daarbenewens is gevind dat 'n beduidende verandering in konsentrasie van voedingstowwe binne blare en vrugte nie noodwendig 'n beduidende vrugkwaliteit-reaksie tot gevolg sal hë nie. Dit dui daarop huidige blaarnorme te wyd kan wees om ‘n verband tussen die boom se voedingstatus en vrugkwaliteit te kan voorspel.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Plant nutrients -- Management, Leaf analysis, Fruit trees -- Analysis, Flowering trees -- South Africa, Citrus -- Breeding, Fruit -- Quality, Citrus fruits -- Climatic factors, Citrus fruit industry -- South Africa, Citrus fruits -- Effect of temperature on, UCTD
Citation