Nucleic acid capture and release device.

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: This project research aims to design a prototype device to extract nucleic acids, mainly from lysed Mycobacterium Tuberculosis cells. The proposed device would be an industry asset that provides a time-saving preparatory step for downstream genome sequencing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and its drug-resistant variants. Existing literature indicates that using a positive potential will electrostatically attract nucleic acids due to the negatively charged phosphate backbone in the nucleic structure. The design process is divided into phases, including planning, concept design, embodiment design, detail design, testing, and production. This project focuses on aspects of project planning to detail design; however, recommendations for testing and production are indicated. A series of experiments were developed to demonstrate that a positive potential induces a migration of nucleic acids and to display that a usable quantity of nucleic acids is released when the voltage is reversed. The testing phase includes experiments to determine the impacts of material choice, presence of a coating, the applied voltage, capture/release times, device geometry, and the influence of biological contaminants. A prototype design is proposed from these results, with an acceptance testing plan and suggestions for refinement. The quality and quantity of captured nucleic acid can be determined using several processes. In this project, to quantify changes in nucleic acid concentration, a Qubit fluorometer was used. Observations include that gold and palladium remain viable material choices; however, collection with single uncoated probes with larger surface areas works best. Nafion-coated probes collect a comparable quantity of nucleic acids regardless of the surface area, number of probes, or geometric design. The presence of a surface coating during both capture and release and a buffer during collection improved experimental repeatability. During the release, Nafion coated probes repelled nucleic acids faster than uncoated probes. However, the mean quantity of nucleic acids released is lower than that of the uncoated probe. More rigid probes are less time-consuming to surface coat and are less likely to recapture nucleic acids during the sampling process and released the most nucleic acids. In the 2-probe setup, some of the released nucleic acids are recaptured on the secondary probe once polarity is reversed and voltage lowered by 0.5 V to reduce the power output. Saturation limits were reached during the +2.5 V capture experiment at the 6 min interval on uncoated probes. All probes also reached saturation limits during the Nafion release experiment at the 1 min, 30 s interval. Nafion coatings were found to degrade in 5 % NaClO in 30 min. It is apparent that a single rigid uncoated probe of as large as reasonably possible surface area will attract the most nucleic acid in 6 min. Reversing the polarity of the probe in a buffer capture solution will gradually repel nucleic acids from the probes until an eventual saturation limit is assumed to be released, after the 2 min, 15 s interval has passed. Using a surface coating on a probe and a 2-probe setup is not advised to optimise mass captured or experimental time.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsings projek beoog om 'n prototipe toestel te ontwerp met die doel om gelyseerde Mycobacterium Tuberculosis sel nukleïensuur te onttrek. Die voorgestelde toestel sal `n bykomende, tydbesparende stroom-af voorbereidings stap bied om die genoom volgorde van Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, asook die middelweerstandige variante, te bepaal. Bestaande literatuur dui aan dat die gebruik van 'n positief gelaaide potensiaal lading nukleïensure elektrostaties aantrek as gevolg van die negatief gelaaide fosfaat ruggraat in die nukleïensuurstruktuur. Die fases van die ontwerpsproses is verdeel in beplanning, konsepontwerp, aanvanklike ontwerp, gedetailleerde ontwerp, toetsing en produksie. Hierdie projek fokus op aspekte van projekbeplanning tot die gedetailleerde ontwerp fase. Slegs aanbevelings vir toetsing en produksie word gemaak. Om te demonstreer dat 'n positiewe potensiaal lading die migrasie van nukleïensure veroorsaak, asook om aan te toon dat 'n bruikbare hoeveelheid nukleïensure vrygestel word wanneer die spanning vernader word, is 'n reeks eksperimente ontwikkel. Die toetsfase bevat eksperimente gemik om die impak van material keuse, die teenwoordigheid van oppervlakbedekking, toegepaste spanning waardes, vasvang-/vrystellingstyd, enkel/dubbel metingstawe en biologiese kontaminante te bepaal. Uit die resultate word 'n prototipe voorgestel met 'n aanvaardingstoetsplan en voorstelle vir verfyning. Die kwaliteit en kwantiteit van vasgevangene nukleïensuur kan bepaal word met behulp van verskeie prosesse. In hierdie projek is 'n Qubit fluorometer gebruik om veranderinge in nukleïensuur konsentrasie te kwantifiseer. Opmerkings is dat goud en palladium bruikbaar is. Versameling met enkel-bedekte metingstawe en groot oppervlaktes werk die beste. Nafion bedekte metingstawe versamel 'n vergelykbare hoeveelheid nukleïensure, ongeag oppervlak grote, aantal metingstawe of hul gëometrie. Daar is gevind dat 'n oppervlakbedekking opname en vrylating van nukleïensure bevorder. Soortgelyk verbeter 'n buffer versameling vermoë. Gedurende vrystelling stel die Nafion-bedekte metingstawe nukleïensure vinniger vry as onbedekte metingstawe. Alhoewel, daar is opgelet dat die gemiddelde hoeveelheid nukleïensure wat vrygestel word laer is as die van die onbedekte metingstawe. Meer rigiede metingstawe is makliker voorsien van ‘n bedekkingslaag en minder geneig om nukleïensure tydens die monsternemingsproses weer op te neem (meeste nukleïensure vrygestel). In die dubbel metingstaaf opstelling is sommige van die vrygestelde nukleïensure op die sekondêre metingstaaf opgeneem sodra die polariteit verander is. Die spanning moet met 0.5 V verlaag word om die kraglewering te verminder. Versadigingsgrense is bereik tydens die +2.5 V opname-eksperiment met 'n interval van 6 min op onbedekte metingstawe. Versadigingsgrense is ook deur alle metingstawe bereik tydens die Nafion -vrystelling -eksperiment met 'n interval van 1 min, 30 s. Daar is gevind dat Nafion -bedekkings binne 30 min ten volle in 5 % NaClO afbreek. Dit is duidelik dat 'n onbedekte metingstaaf (met `n so groot as redelik moontlik oppervlakte) die meeste nukleïensuur in 6 min sal opneem. Wanneer die polariteit van die metingstaaf in 'n bufferopvangoplossing vernader word is daar opgelet dat die opgeneemnde nukleïensure geleidelik van die metingstaaf oppervlakte af gestoot word totdat 'n uiteindelike versadigingslimiet bereik word na `n interval van 2 min, 15 s verby is. Die gebruik van 'n oppervlakbedekking op die metingstaaf en 'n dubbel meetingstaaf-opstelling word nie aangeraai om die vasgelegde massa of eksperimentele tyd te optimeer nie.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Nucleic acids, Prototypes, Engineering, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Charge transport potential, UCTD
Citation