Ranching with sable antelope (Hippotragus niger niger) in South Africa
dc.contributor.advisor | Hoffman, Louwrens C. | en_ZA |
dc.contributor.advisor | Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink | en_ZA |
dc.contributor.advisor | Lubout, Paul C. | en_ZA |
dc.contributor.advisor | Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Animal Sciences. | en_ZA |
dc.contributor.author | Shepstone, Craig Alan | en_ZA |
dc.date.accessioned | 2022-03-08T15:36:46Z | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2022-04-29T09:36:37Z | |
dc.date.available | 2022-03-08T15:36:46Z | |
dc.date.available | 2022-04-29T09:36:37Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2022-04 | |
dc.description | Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2022. | en_ZA |
dc.description.abstract | ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research focuses on aspects not currently known but essential to ranch with sable antelope (Hippotragus niger niger) successfully. This includes determining the metabolizable energy requirements, horn growth traits and how supplemental nutrition affects reproduction and horn growth on sable antelope ranched in South Africa. An investigation into the methodologies presently employed determining carrying capacity of wildlife species illustrates that the large animal unit, grazing unit, and browsing unit methods only use metabolic weight as a factor to determine the energy requirements of game where the large stock unit method uses both metabolic weight and the energy requirements of the animal at a specific well defined physiological production state. The metabolizable energy requirement per day was regressed with weight (kg) using a log-log transformation of the herbivore species to model the suitability of the large animal unit method for defining/determining the metabolizable energy requirements of game. The resulting equations were used to model and compare the calculated metabolizable energy and large stock unit values to the published metabolizable energy and large stock unit values. The physiological production states analysed included calf/lamb, young dry cow/ewe, mature dry cow/ewe, young cow/ewe with calf/lamb, mature cow/ewe with calf/lamb, young bull/ram, and mature bull/ram. Six out of the seven categories have values higher than 0.75 with R 2 values of >0.99, the exception being calf/lamb data with the value of 0.742 with a R2 = 0.97. These results indicate that metabolic weight is neither conceptually correct nor sufficiently accurate to calculate metabolizable energy requirements for game, confirming the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. Therefore, the large animal unit (metabolic weight method) cannot replace the large stock unit (metabolizable energy method). The derived log-log transformation equation provides a more accurate method for determining the metabolizable energy requirements and dry matter intake values for sable antelope and other game species. A study into horn growth characteristics (traits), horn length, basal circumference, and the number of horn rings of sable antelope in South Africa was conducted to investigate the environmental effects of sex, calving year and season on horn development for animals up to 50 months of age. Horn growth characteristics/traits within the age categories of 0-15 months, 15.1- 36 months, 36.1-50 months were analysed. It was determined that the growth rate in cm per day of horn length between male and female sable antelope differed significantly (P < 0.05) for all age categories: male (0,089 ± 0.002cm; p-value = <0.0001) and female (0,068 ± 0.004cm; p-value = <0.0001) for 0-15 months, male (0.079 ± 0.002cm; p-value = <0.0001) and female (0.042+ 0.001cm; p-value = <0.0001 ) for 15.1-36 months, male (0.044± 0.003cm; p-value = <0.0001 ) and female (0.015± 0.003cm; p-value = <0.0001) for 36.1-50 months respectively. When considering base circumference between male and female sable antelope, a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the age category 0-15 months was observed, where the base circumference growth rate for males was 0.026 cm and females 0.014 cm respectively. The number of horn rings did not differ. Horn length and base circumference results over the whole period, regardless of other environmental effects, illustrate a rapid initial growth for male and female animals. However, horn length and base circumference on males grew faster, while in the female animals, it slowed noticeably once they reached sexual maturity. Supplemental feeding regimes introduced on most farms in 2013 positively affected horn growth traits, resulting in longer horns at maturity. When considering the results, if the metabolizable energy requirements for animals at different states is known, it is possible to estimate the carrying capacity and stocking rates of game reserves and ranches more accurately. Furthermore, knowing the metabolizable energy requirements of the species at different physiological states supplies animal nutritionists with the necessary information to improve supplemental and complete feeds. When considering horn growth, the data clearly shows that horn length increased year after year in both male and female sable antelope, and this was due to ranchers selecting better animals and supplying these animals with a more balanced diet. | en_ZA |
dc.description.abstract | AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing fokus op aspekte wat tans nie bekend is nie, maar noodsaaklik is om met swartwitpense (Hippotragus niger niger) suksesvol te kan boer. Dit sluit die bepaling van metaboliseerbare energievereistes, horinggroei-eienskappe en op welke mate aanvullende voeding reproduksie en horinggroei van swartwitpense in Suid-Afrika beïnvloed in. 'n Ondersoek na die metodologieë wat tans gebruik word om die drakrag van wildspesies te bepaal, het aangedui dat grootdier-eenheid-, wei-eenheid- en blaarvreter-eenheidmetodes slegs metaboliese massa as 'n faktor gebruik om die energiebehoeftes van wild te bepaal. Die grootvee-eenheid metode gebruik egter beide metaboliese massa en die energiebehoefte van die dier by 'n spesifieke goed gedefinieërde fisiologiese produksietoestand in. ’n Regressie van metaboliseerbare energie behoefte per dag met massa (kg) deur gebruik te maak van 'n log-log transformasie van die herkouer spesies om die geskiktheid van die grootdier eenheid metode vir die bepaling van die metaboliseerbare energie vereistes van wild te modelleer is oorweeg. Die gevolglike vergelykings is gebruik om die berekende metaboliseerbare energie en grootvee- eenheidwaardes te modelleer en te vergelyk met die gepubliseerde metaboliseerbare energie en grootvee-eenheidwaardes. Die fisiologiese produksie statusse wat ondersoek is, sluit kalf/lam, jong droë koei/ooi, volwasse droë koei/ooi, jong koei/ooi met kalf/lam, volwasse koei/ooi met kalf/lam, jong bul/ram en volwasse bul/ram in. Ses uit die sewe kategorieë het waardes hoër as 0.75 met R2 -waardes van >0.99 getoon. Die uitsondering was kalf-/lamdata met ‘n waarde van 0.742 met 'n R2 = 0.97. Hierdie resultate dui aan dat metaboliese gewig nie konseptueel korrek of voldoende akkuraat is om metaboliseerbare energievereistes vir wild te kan bepaal nie, en dus die aanvaarding van die alternatiewe hipotese bevestig. Daarom kan die grootdier-eenheid (metaboliese massa-metode) nie die grootvee-eenheid (metaboliseerbare energie-metode) vervang nie. Die afgeleide log-log-transformasievergelyking verskaf 'n meer akkurate metode om die metaboliseerbare energiebehoeftes en droëmateriaal-innamewaardes van swartwitpense en ander wildspesies te bepaal. 'n Studie na horinggroei-eienskappe insluitende horinglengte, basale omtrek en die aantal horingringe van swartwitpense in Suid-Afrika is gedoen om die omgewingseffekte van geslag, kalfjaar en -seisoen op horingontwikkeling van diere tot 50 maande ouderdom te ondersoek. Horinggroei-eienskappe binne die ouderdomskategorieë van 0-15 maande, 15.1-36 maande, 36.1-50 maande is ontleed. Daar is vasgestel dat die horinglengte-groeitempo in cm per dag tussen manlike en vroulike swartwitpense beduidend verskil (P < 0,05) vir alle ouderdomskategorieë: manlik (0,089 ± 0.002cm; p-value = <0.0001) en vroulik (0,068 ± 0.004cm; p-value = <0.0001) vir 0-15 maande, manlik (0,079 ± 0.002cm; p-value = <0.0001) en vroulik (0,042 ± 0.001cm; p-value = <0.0001) vir 15,1-36 maande, manlik (0,044 ± 0.003cm; p-value = <0.0001 cm) en vroulik (0,015 ± 0.003cm; p-value = <0.0001 cm) vir 36,1-50 maande onderskeidelik. Horingbasisomtrek tussen manlike en vroulike swartwitpense het betekenisvolle verskil (P < 0.05) in die ouderdomskategorie 0-15 maande, waar die basisomtrek se groeitempo vir manlik 0.026 cm en vroulik 0.014 cm onderskeidelik was. Die aantal horingringe het egter nie verskil nie. Horinglengte en basisomtrek resultate oor die hele tydperk, ongeag ander omgewingseffekte, dui op 'n aanvanklike vinnige groei vir manlike en vroulike diere. Horinglengte en basisomtrek by mannetjies het egter vinniger gegroei, terwyl dit by die vroulike diere merkbaar verlangsaam het sodra hulle geslagsryp geword het. Aanvullende voedingsstrategië wat in 2013 op die meeste plase ingestel is, het horinggroei-eienskappe positief beïnvloed, wat tot langer horings by volwassenheid gelei het. As die resultate in ag geneem word, is die metaboliseerbare energiebehoeftes vir diere by verskillende fisiologiese status bekend is, is dit moontlik om die drakrag van wildreservate en plase meer akkuraat te voorspel. Verder, om die metaboliseerbare energiebehoeftes van die spesie by verskillende fisiologiese toestande te verstaan, verskaf dit die dierevoedingkundiges die nodige inligting om aanvullende en volledige voeding te verbeter. Wanneer horinggroei in ag geneem word, toon die data duidelik dat horinglengte jaar op jaar by beide manlike en vroulike swartwitpense toegeneem het. Hierdie was ‘n dierekte gevolg van beter seleksie deur telers sowel as die aanwending van 'n meer gebalanseerde dieet. | af_ZA |
dc.description.version | Masters | en_ZA |
dc.format.extent | xvii, 140 pages : illustrations (some color), maps | en_ZA |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/124846 | |
dc.language.iso | en_ZA | en_ZA |
dc.publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University | en_ZA |
dc.rights.holder | Stellenbosch University | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Hippotragus -- Nutrition -- South Africa | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Metabolic weights | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Antelopes -- Reproduction | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) -- South Africa -- Growth | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Sable antelope -- Feeding and feeds | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Sable antelope -- Environmental aspects | en_ZA |
dc.subject | UCTD | en_ZA |
dc.title | Ranching with sable antelope (Hippotragus niger niger) in South Africa | en_ZA |
dc.type | Thesis | en_ZA |
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