A common standard of habitability? A comparison between tenants, usufructuaries and occupiers in South African law

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this dissertation is to explore whether there is a common (or minimum) standard of habitability between tenants, usufructuaries and occupiers in South African law, and crucially to determine whether a common standard of habitability for these categories of inhabitants in South African law can be derived from the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (“Constitution”). The dissertation aims to also investigate whether the obligation to ensure such a standard of habitability for dwellings in all three categories of inhabitants rests on the owner, the state, or the occupant of the dwelling. To determine whether dwellings are habitable, the dissertation considered the meaning of “habitability” in the context of each type of inhabitant. In the context of tenants, the dissertation found that habitability in terms of the common law is essentially based on the premise that the dwelling to be leased must be in a condition that is reasonably fit for the purpose for which it was rented. However, the common- law fit for the purpose requirement will change to habitability when the Rental Housing Amendment Act 35 of 2014 (“RHAA”) comes into effect. In terms of the RHAA, the habitability requirement implies that the dwelling must be safe and suitable to live in. Furthermore, the dwelling must offer the tenant adequate space, safeguard him or her against the elements and other threats to health, assure the tenant, his household and visitors physical safety, and the dwelling must be structurally sound. In the context of usufructuaries, a dwelling is habitable if it is fit for human habitation. This means that the dwelling must be free from defects and suitable for occupation. In the context of occupiers, habitability is read into constitutional rights such as adequate housing, security of tenure and human dignity. In this regard, a dwelling is habitable for occupiers (in terms of the Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997 (“ESTA”)) if occupiers reside in adequate housing that provides secure tenure and accords with standards of human dignity. Concerning the question, on whom the obligation rests to ensure habitability, the dissertation found that in the context of tenants and usufructuaries the obligation to ensure that the property is habitable rests on the owner of the property. Concerning occupiers, it is not clear who must ensure the habitability of the dwelling. It is argued that the obligation to ensure that the property is habitable should primarily be on the owner. This is because the owner is enjoined by section 25(6) of the Constitution through ESTA to accommodate an occupier on his or her property. As such, an owner who permits an occupier to use the property as accommodation incurs an obligation to ensure that the dwelling is habitable. However, where it is unreasonable for the landowner to ensure habitability, for instance, due to financial hardship or lack of resources, the state should be called upon to ensure that occupiers live in habitable conditions. The dissertation concludes that there is currently no common standard of habitability across all three categories. This is because the categories of comparison are so individual that requiring a common standard will not work in all three contexts. However, it is argued that the Constitution forms the minimum standard that eventually forms the baseline in all the categories. This is because the Constitution arguably applies in all categories of comparison. As such, there should, at the very least, be some standard of habitability, which is informed by the Constitution and should be complied with in each individual category of inhabitant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om vas te stel of daar ʼn minimum gemeenskaplike standaard van bewoonbaarheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg bestaan, sover dit vruggebruikers, huurders en okkupeerders betref. As hoofsaak word ondersoek of so ʼn gemeenskaplike standaard van bewoonbaarheid vir hierdie kategorieë van bewoners in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, afleibaar is uit die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996 (“Grondwet”). Verder word ondersoek of die regsplig om so ʼn standaard van bewoonbaarheid vir bovermelde kategorieë bewoners te verseker, op die eienaar van die bewoonde eiendom, die staat of die bewoner van die woning rus. Die verhandeling oorweeg die betekenis van “bewoonbaarheid” in die samehang van elke kategorie bewoner, ten einde te bepaal wanneer ʼn woning as bewoonbaar beskou kan word. Betreffende huurders, bevind hierdie verhandeling dat bewoonbaarheid ingevolge die gemenereg gebaseer is op die uitgangspunt dat ʼn woning geskik moet wees vir die oogmerk waarvoor dit verhuur is. Wanneer die Wysigingswet op Huurbehuising 35 van 2014 egter van krag word, blyk dit dat die vereiste dat huurbehuising geskik moet wees vir hul huuroogmerk, vervang gaan word met ‘n bewoonbaarheidsvereiste. Volgens die Wysigingswet impliseer die bewoonbaarheidsvereiste dat die woning veilig en geskik moet wees om in te woon. Verder moet die woning ruim genoeg wees, beskerming bied teen die elemente en teen ander gesondheidsgevare, die huurder se huishouding en gaste se fisiese veiligheid waarborg en moet dit struktureel volstaan. In die samehang van vruggebruik is ʼn woning bewoonbaar indien dit geskik is vir menslike bewoning. Die woning moet sonder defekte en geskik wees vir bewoning. In die samehang van okkupeerders word bewoonbaarheid ingelees onder grondwetlike regte soos geskikte behuising, verblyfsekerheid en menswaardigheid. In hierdie verband is ʼn woning bewoonbaar vir okkupeerders ingevolge die Wet op die Uitbreiding van Verblyfsekerheid 62 van 1997 (voorts op die Engelse akroniem “ESTA”) indien okkupeerders woonagtig is in wonings wat verblyfsekerheid bied en in lyn met die standaarde van menswaardigheid is. Wat betref die vraag oor wie die regsplig dra om bewoonbaarheid te verseker, bevind hierdie verhandeling dat die eienaar van die eiendom hierdie plig dra in die geval van huurbehuising en wonings onder vruggebruik. Wat okkupeerders betref is dit nie duidelik wie die bewoonbaarheid van die woning moet verseker nie. Die argument word gemaak dat die plig om bewoonbaarheid te verseker hoofsaaklik op die eienaar rus, siende dat die eienaar ingevolge artikel 25(6) van die Grondwet deur ESTA verplig word om ʼn okkupeerder op sy of haar eiendom te akkommodeer. Waar dit egter onredelik sou wees om van die eienaar te verwag om bewoonbaarheid te verseker, byvoorbeeld weens finansiële druk of ʼn tekort aan hulpbronne, moet die staat beroep word om bewoonbare omstandighede vir okkupeerders teweeg te bring. Die gevolgtrekking in hierdie verhandeling is dat daar nie tans ʼn gemeenskaplike standaard tussen al drie kategorieë van bewoning in ons reg bestaan nie. Dit is omdat die huidige kategorieë se onderskeie eienskappe so eiesoortig is dat ʼn gemeenskaplike standaard van bewoonbaarheid nie in al drie kontekste sal werk nie. Die verhandeling voer wel aan dat die Grondwet die bron is vir ʼn uiteindelike minimum gemeenskaplike standaard wat die basislyn vir al drie kategorieë van bewoning vorm. Dit is so omdat die Grondwet in al drie kategorieë toepassing vind. Gevolglik moet daar op die minste een of ander standaard van bewoonbaarheid nagekom word, wat deur die Grondwet ingelig word en waaraan elke kategorie inwoners moet voldoen.
Description
Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Standard of habitability, Rental Housing Amendment Act 35 of 2014, Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997, Standard of habitability for dwellings, UCTD
Citation