Street-level bureaucrats and piecemeal planning approaches in the Tanzanian small towns of Mlandizi and Sirari
| dc.contributor.advisor | Donaldson, Ronnie | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.author | Yamungu, Nestory Erasto | en_ZA |
| dc.contributor.other | Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies. | en_ZA |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2019-02-23T09:13:02Z | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2019-04-17T08:04:04Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-08-25T03:00:08Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2019-03 | |
| dc.description | Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2019. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current urbanisation trend in developing countries threatens the development of sustainable human settlements. Urbanisation challenges are likely to worsen as we approach 2050 when 80% of developing countries’ population will be urbanised. While this is happening urban research and planning initiatives will continue to focus on cities, while a considerable portion of the world’s population will still be living in small towns in the urban hinterlands. There is a need for equal planning efforts for both cities and small towns. The planning of many Tanzanian small towns is piecemeal rather than comprehensive. Piecemeal planning has the potential to undermine the socio-economic well-being of small-town inhabitants as well as their contributions to the development of sustainable human settlements. It is therefore imperative to ascertain which factors influence the adoption of piecemeal planning practices by town planners at subnational levels. The aim of this research was to investigate how local realities have influenced the adoption of piecemeal planning in two Tanzanian small towns, namely Mlandizi and Sirari. Mixed methods and case study research designs were used to collect quantitative, qualitative and geospatial data sets. The data were collected in Mlandizi and Sirari using 378 structured household interviews, ten in-depth interviews, two focus groups discussions, 118 layout plans, four satellite images, field observations and reviews of documents. Each set of data was separately analysed and triangulation methods were used to aggregate related themes. The themes were combined so as to answer the research questions. It was found that throughout the planning history of Tanzania the preparations of layout plans has been used to guide spatial development. Layout plans have always been part and parcel of urban design, master planning and strategic planning. But their piecemeal preparation is the result of the complex and multifaceted influences of local realities in the respective urban planning environments. Town planners are forced to adopt piecemeal planning so as to provide minimum planning solutions amid rapid urbanisation and the proliferation of informal settlements in small towns. In Mlandizi and Sirari piecemeal planning practices have been influenced by several multifaceted local realities of these small towns, namely the need to control the rapid development of informal settlements, the lack of institutional planning capacities, the local political climate, the proliferation of informal settlements and the role of the private sector in urban planning and development. Indeed, the adoption of neo-liberal planning policies in the context of low institutional capacity has increased the severity of these local realities. Moreover, piecemeal planning results in uncoordinated urban structures, limits the provision of and access to social services, constrains economic opportunities, breeds unfriendly environmental conditions and increases inhabitant’s susceptibility to environmental disasters. The sustainability assessment indicated that comprehensive planning stands a better chance of producing sustainable settlements. Piecemeal planning possessed some degree of sustainability potential, especially in terms of creating harmony with nature, promoting a place-based economy and fostering equity through the provision of planned housing. But piecemeal planning practices have failed to provide minimum planning solutions in the fast-growing small towns. Similarly, its adoption by the town planners in sub-national institutions turns them into agents for aggravating the existing ill urban conditions. Considering the complexities of the local realities in Mlandizi, Sirari and other small towns with similar conditions, this study recommends the adoption of piecemeal reality-based planning for small towns. Piecemeal planning needs to be improved in a way that maximise sustainability in small towns. However, this process must be accompanied by further research on designing planning and sustainability models for small towns. Research should also aim to find out the causes of planning coordination problems in local governments. This call for a clear understanding of urban areas declaration processes and preparedness in local councils in order to institute planning in small towns. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige verstedelikingsneiging in ontwikkelende lande bedreig die ontwikkeling van volhoubare menslike nedersettings. Die uitdagings van verstedeliking gaan waarskynlik vererger tussen nou en 2050 wanneer 80% van ontwikkelende lande se bevolking in stede sal woon. Terwyl dit plaasvind, sal stedelike navorsings- en beplanningsbedrywighede aanhou om op stede te fokus terwyl ʼn betekenisvolle deel van die wêreld se bevolking eintlik steeds in klein dorpies ver buite stede sal woon. Daarom is ekwivalente beplanningswerk nodig vir sowel stede as klein dorpies. Die beplanning van baie van Tanzanië se klein dorpies is stuksgewys eerder as omvattend. Stuksgewyse beplanning het die potensiaal om die sosio-ekonomiese welstand van inwoners van klein dorpies, sowel as die bydraes wat hulle kan maak tot die ontwikkeling van volhoubare menslike nedersettings, te ondermyn. Dit is daarom noodsaaklik om te bepaal watter faktore die aanneem van stuksgewyse beplanningspraktyke deur stadsbeplanners op subnasionale vlakke beïnvloed. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om te ondersoek hoe plaaslike werklikhede die aanneem van stuksgewyse beplanning in twee klein dorpies, Mlandizi en Sirari in Tanzanië, beïnvloed het. Gemengde metodes en ʼn gevallestudie-navorsingsontwerp is gebruik om kwantitatiewe, kwalitatiewe en georuimtelike datastelle in te win. Die data is in Mlandizi en Sirari ingesamel deur middel van 378 gestruktureerde onderhoude met huishoudings, 10 diepte-onderhoude, twee fokusgroepgesprekke, 118 uitlegplanne, 4 satellietbeelde, veldwaarnemings en die bestudering van dokumente. Elke datastel is afsonderlik ontleed en triangulasiemetodes is gebruik om verwante temas saam te voeg. Hierdie temas is gekombineer om die navorsingsvrae te beantwoord. Daar is bevind dat die voorbereiding van uitlegplanne regdeur die beplanningsgeskiedenis van Tanzanië gebruik is om ruimtelike ontwikkeling te rig. Uitlegplanne was nog altyd ten nouste deel van stadsbeplanning, meesterbeplanning en strategiese beplanning. Hul stuksgewyse voorbereiding is egter die gevolg van komplekse en veelkantige invloede van plaaslike realiteite in die onderskeie stadsbeplanningskontekste. Stadsbeplanners word gedwing om stuksgewyse beplanning aan te neem om minimum beplanningsoplossings te verskaf te midde van vinnige verstedeliking en die proliferering van informele nedersettings. Stuksgewyse beplanningspraktyke in Mlandizi en Sirari is beïnvloed deur verskeie veelkantige plaaslike realiteite in hierdie klein dorpies, insluitend die behoefte om die vinnige uitbreiding van informele nedersettings te beheer, die gebrek aan institusionele beplanningskapasiteit, die plaaslike politieke klimaat, die proliferasie van informele nedersettings en die rol van die privaat sektor in stedelike beplanning en ontwikkeling. Die aanneem van neoliberale beplanningsbeleide binne ʼn konteks van gebrekkige institusionele kapasiteit het ook die intensiteit van hierdie plaaslike realiteite verhoog. Verder het stuksgewyse beplanning ongekoördineerde stedelike strukture tot gevolg, beperk dit die verskaffing van, en toegang tot, maatskaplike dienste, perk dit ekonomiese geleenthede in, skep dit ʼn teelaarde vir ongunstige omgewingstoestande, en verhoog dit die vatbaarheid vir natuurrampe. Die volhoubaarheidsassessering het aangedui dat omvattende beplanning ʼn beter kans staan om volhoubare nedersettings tot gevolg te hê. Stuksgewyse beplanning het oor ʼn sekere mate van volhoubaarheidspotensiaal beskik, spesifiek deur die skep van harmonie met die natuur, die bevordering van ʼn plekgebaseerde ekonomie en die najaag van groter billikheid deur die voorsiening van beplande behuising. Stuksgewyse beplanningspraktyke het egter nie daarin geslaag om minimum beplanningsoplossings in vinnig groeiende klein dorpies te voorsien nie. Die aanname daarvan deur stadsbeplanners in subnasionale instellings maak ook van hulle agente in die verslegting van alreeds swak stedelike toestande. Gedagtig aan die kompleksiteite van die plaaslike realiteite in Mlandizi, Sirari en ander klein dorpies met soortgelyke toestande, beveel hierdie studie aan dat stuksgewyse realiteitsgebaseerde beplanning vir klein dorpies aangeneem word. Stuksgewyse beplanning moet verbeter word op ʼn manier wat volhoubaarheid in klein dorpies maksimeer. Hierdie proses moet egter ook vergesel word van verdere navorsing oor die ontwerp van beplannings- en volhoubaarheidsmodelle vir klein dorpies. Navorsing moet verder poog om die oorsake van probleme met beplanningskoördinering in plaaslike regerings te bepaal. Hiervoor is ʼn duidelike begrip van die deklarasieproses van stadsgebiede, asook gereedheid aan die kant van plaaslike rade om beplanning in klein dorpies in te stel, noodsaaklik. | af_ZA |
| dc.description.version | Doctoral | e_ZA |
| dc.embargo.terms | 2021-08-25 | |
| dc.format.extent | xix, 262 pages : illustrations | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/105595 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University | en_ZA |
| dc.rights.holder | Stellenbosch University | en_ZA |
| dc.subject.lcsh | Bureaucracy | en_ZA |
| dc.subject.lcsh | Sustainable development -- Tanzania -- Kibaha | en_ZA |
| dc.subject.lcsh | Small cities -- Tanzania -- Kibaha | en_ZA |
| dc.subject.lcsh | Land use -- Planning -- Tanzania -- Kibaha | en_ZA |
| dc.subject.lcsh | Urban geography -- Tanzania -- Kibaha | en_ZA |
| dc.subject.lcsh | Urbanization -- Tanzania -- Kibaha | en_ZA |
| dc.subject.name | UCTD | |
| dc.title | Street-level bureaucrats and piecemeal planning approaches in the Tanzanian small towns of Mlandizi and Sirari | en_ZA |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_ZA |