Covid-19 : the rollercoaster of fibrin(ogen), D-dimer, Von Willebrand Factor, P-selectin and their interactions with endothelial cells, platelets and erythrocytes

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dc.contributor.authorGrobler, Corliaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMaphumulo, Siphosethu C.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorGrobbelaar, L. Mireilleen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBredenkamp, Jhade C.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLaubscher, Gert J.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLourens, Petrus J.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorSteenkamp, Janamien_ZA
dc.contributor.authorKell, Douglas B.en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorPretorius, Etheresiaen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-01T06:20:28Z
dc.date.available2020-09-01T06:20:28Z
dc.date.issued2020-07-21
dc.descriptionCITATION: Grobler, C. et al. 2020. Covid-19 : the rollercoaster of fibrin(ogen), D-dimer, Von Willebrand Factor, P-selectin and their interactions with endothelial cells, platelets and erythrocytes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14):5168, doi:10.3390/ijms21145168.
dc.descriptionThe original publication is available at https://www.mdpi.com
dc.description.abstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced infection, is strongly associated with various coagulopathies that may result in either bleeding and thrombocytopenia or hypercoagulation and thrombosis. Thrombotic and bleeding or thrombotic pathologies are significant accompaniments to acute respiratory syndrome and lung complications in COVID-19. Thrombotic events and bleeding often occur in subjects with weak constitutions, multiple risk factors and comorbidities. Of particular interest are the various circulating inflammatory coagulation biomarkers involved directly in clotting, with specific focus on fibrin(ogen), D-dimer, P-selectin and von Willebrand Factor (VWF). Central to the activity of these biomarkers are their receptors and signalling pathways on endothelial cells, platelets and erythrocytes. In this review, we discuss vascular implications of COVID-19 and relate this to circulating biomarker, endothelial, erythrocyte and platelet dysfunction. During the progression of the disease, these markers may either be within healthy levels, upregulated or eventually depleted. Most significant is that patients need to be treated early in the disease progression, when high levels of VWF, P-selectin and fibrinogen are present, with normal or slightly increased levels of D-dimer (however, D-dimer levels will rapidly increase as the disease progresses). Progression to VWF and fibrinogen depletion with high D-dimer levels and even higher P-selectin levels, followed by the cytokine storm, will be indicative of a poor prognosis. We conclude by looking at point-of-care devices and methodologies in COVID-19 management and suggest that a personalized medicine approach should be considered in the treatment of patients.en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipMedical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), grant number A0X331
dc.description.sponsorshipSelf-initiated research and by The Novo Nordisk Foundation, grant number: NNF10CC1016517
dc.description.urihttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/14/5168
dc.description.versionPublisher's version
dc.format.extent25 pages
dc.identifier.citationGrobler, C. et al. 2020. Covid-19 : the rollercoaster of fibrin(ogen), D-dimer, Von Willebrand Factor, P-selectin and their interactions with endothelial cells, platelets and erythrocytes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14):5168, doi:10.3390/ijms21145168.
dc.identifier.issn1422-0067 (online)
dc.identifier.otherdoi:10.3390/ijms21145168
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/108771
dc.language.isoen_ZAen_ZA
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.rights.holderAuthors retain copyright
dc.subjectCOVID-19 (Disease)en_ZA
dc.subjectThrombocytopeniaen_ZA
dc.subjectBlood -- Coagulationen_ZA
dc.subjectThrombosisen_ZA
dc.titleCovid-19 : the rollercoaster of fibrin(ogen), D-dimer, Von Willebrand Factor, P-selectin and their interactions with endothelial cells, platelets and erythrocytesen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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