Greening the covenant : integrating environmental considerations in the Interpretation of States Parties' Obligations under Article 2(1) of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The realisation of economic, social and cultural rights is inextricably linked to the condition of the environment. The rights in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (“the Covenant”) are increasingly threatened by environmental degradation and climate change. The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (“the Committee”) has recognised the relationship between the environment and Covenant rights. However, the Committee has not yet developed a systematic approach to integrating the environment within its supervisory mandate. The integration of environmental considerations within the scope of the Covenant through interpretation (or “greening” the Covenant) must follow the rules applicable to the interpretation of human rights treaties. A teleological interpretation of human rights treaties demands that the object and purpose of the treaty be given practical effect in the lives of individual rights-holders. The evolutive approach to interpretation emphasises that human rights treaties are living instruments that must evolve according to changing circumstances. In order to evolve appropriately and be effective in realising Covenant rights, it is critical that the interpretation of the Covenant takes the threats posed by climate change and environmental degradation into account. To guide this greening of the Covenant, the dissertation draws on established principles of international environmental law. These principles include: sustainable development; the no-harm principle; the principle of prevention; the precautionary principle; the polluter pays principle; and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The principle demonstrate recognised approaches to environmental challenges under international environmental law and are a valuable source of insight for greening the Covenant. The dissertation focuses on the interpretation of key aspects of State Parties’ obligations under article 2(1), namely: maximum available resources; core obligations; progressive realisation; and non-retrogression. Given its central role in the Covenant, the interpretation of article 2(1) has relevance for all Covenant rights. Focusing on key aspects of article 2(1) thus facilitates a substantive and systematic integration of environmental considerations within all Covenant rights. A number of significant contributions are made by the dissertation with regard to the proposed greening of article 2(1). First, the dissertation argues that maximum available resources should be understood from a qualitative perspective, particularly in relation to natural resources and their inherent contribution to the enjoyment of Covenant rights. Secondly, it proposes the establishment and protection of the baseline environmental conditions necessary for the enjoyment of the core of economic, social and cultural rights. Thirdly, the dissertation argues that measures towards the progressive realisation of Covenant rights must be environmentally sustainable in order to prevent future retrogression. Finally, it is argued that the interpretation of the full realisation or ceiling of Covenant rights must be defined according to planetary boundaries and environmental limits. This greening of article 2(1) aids in protecting Covenant rights from the threats of environmental degradation, and supports the protection of the environment on which those rights depend. Through greening States Parties’ obligations, the dissertation offers an interpretation of the Covenant that would ensure its relevance and responsiveness to the urgent and existential environmental challenges confronting humanity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verwesenliking van ekonomiese, sosiale en kulturele regte hou onlosmaaklik verband met die toestand van die omgewing. Die regte in die Internasionale Verdrag oor Ekonomiese, Sosiale en Kulturele Regte (“die Verdrag”) word toenemend bedreig deur die agteruitgang van die omgewing, veral deur klimaatsverandering. Die Verenigde Nasie Komitee vir Ekonomiese, Sosiale en Kulturele Regte (“die Komitee”) erken die verhouding tussen omgewing en Verdragsregte. Die Komitee het egter nog nie 'n stelselmatige benadering ontwikkel om die omgewing binne sy toesighoudende mandaat te integreer nie. Die integrasie van omgewingsoorwegings binne die bestek van die Verdrag deur interpretasie (of "vergroening" van die Verdrag) moet noodwendig die reëls volg wat van toepassing is op die interpretasie van menseregteverdragte. 'n Teleologiese interpretasie vereis dat die doel van die verdrag prakties in die lewens van individuele regtehouers toegepas word. Die evolutiewe benadering beklemtoon dat menseregteverdrae lewendige instrumente is wat by veranderende omstandighede moet aanpas. Om toepaslik te ontwikkel en om effektief Verdragsregte te verwesenlik, is dit van kritieke belang dat die interpretasie van die Verdrag die bedreigings wat klimaatsverandering en die agteruitgang van die omgewing inhou, in ag neem. Om hierdie vergroening van die Verdrag te rig, berus die proefskrif opgevestigde beginsels van internasionale omgewingsreg, insluitend: volhoubare ontwikkeling; die geen-skade-beginsel; die beginsel van voorkoming; die voorsorgbeginsel; die beginsel van die besoedelaar betaal; en die beginsel van gemeenskaplike, maar gedifferensieerde verantwoordelikhede. Die beginsels toon erkende benaderings tot omgewingsuitdagings ingevolge die internasionale omgewingsreg en is 'n waardevolle bron van insig om die Verdrag te vergroen. Die proefskrif fokus op die interpretasie van sleutelaspekte van die partye se verpligtinge ingevolge artikel 2(1), naamlik: maksimum beskikbare bronne; kernverpligtinge; progressiewe besef; en nie-retrogressie. Gegewe die sentrale rol van artikel 2(1) in die Verdrag, is die interpretasie daarvan van toepassing op alle Verdragsregte. Die fokus op sleutelaspekte van artikel 2(1) vergemaklik dus 'n substantiewe en stelselmatige integrasie van omgewingsoorwegings binne alle Verdragsregte. 'n Aantal belangrike bydraes word gelewer deur die proefskrif met betrekking tot die voorgestelde vergroening van artikel 2(1). Eerstens voer die proefskrif aan dat die maksimum beskikbare hulpbronne vanuit 'n kwalitatiewe perspektief verstaan moet word, veral in verband met natuurlike hulpbronne en hul inherente bydrae tot die genieting van Verdragsregte. Tweedens stel dit voor dat die basiese omgewingstoestande, wat nodig is om die kern van ekonomiese, sosiale en kulturele regte te geniet, ingestel en beskerm word. Dit is. Derdens voer die proefskrif aan dat maatreëls vir die progressiewe verwesenliking van Verdragsregte omgewingsvolhoubaar moet wees om toekomstige retrogressie te voorkom. Ten slotte word daar aangevoer dat die interpretasie van die volle verwesenliking van Verdragsregte gedefinieer moet word volgens planetêre grense en omgewingsperke. Die vergroening van artikel 2(1) help om die Verdragsregte te beskerm teen die bedreigings wat daargestel word deur die omgewing se agteruitgang, en ondersteun verder die beskerming van die omgewing waarvan daardie regte afhanklik is. Deur middel van vergroening van die verpligtinge op state, bied die proefskrif 'n interpretasie wat die relevansie van die Verdrag sou verseker in die lig van die dringende en eksistensiële omgewingsuitdagings wat die mensdom konfronteer.
Description
Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Economic, social and cultural rights, Interpretation of States Parties' Obligations Article 2(1), Principles of environmental law, Sustainable development, Environmental degradation and climate change, Environmental impact assessment, Sovereignty over natural resources, UCTD
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