Evaluation of sport-related concussion factors at baseline in a cohort of collegiate Rugby Union players

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Background: Sport-related concussion (SRC) has become a growing concern across all sporting types, specifically in full contact sports such as Rugby Union. Baseline screening for SRC, with the addition of specific cervical measures has been proposed in the literature to ensure a multimodal assessment to SRC management. However, the utility of cervical measures at baseline SRC screening and the relationship between cervical measures and other RU intrinsic and extrinsic factors have not yet been established. Aim and objectives: This study aimed to describe RU intrinsic and extrinsic factors in a cohort of collegiate RU players at baseline pre-season SRC screening and to determine if relationships exist between intrinsic (cervical function, age, mass, height, previous SRCs, and previous neck injuries) and extrinsic factors (position of play, level of play). Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Stellenbosch University. Data were collected using a pre-season baseline questionnaire and a series of standardised cervical tests were conducted. The questionnaire contained questions relating to age, mass, height, position of play, level of play, previous SRCs, and previous neck injuries. Cervical flexor endurance (CFE), cervical extensor endurance (CEE), cervical anterolateral flexion strength (CAFS) and joint position error (JPE) were measured. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all continuous data and frequency distributions for all categorical data. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to determine correlations between intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Pearson’s chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were performed to determine whether differences between the positional subgroups for categorical and continuous variables respectively existed. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine between which positional subgroups differences occurred. Two-sample t-tests determined whether differences in intrinsic and extrinsic factors between those with and without previous SRCs existed. Results: Forty-eight players completed the baseline SRC screening with a mean age, mass, and height of 21.10 years (SD=1.66), 95.22kg (SD=12.54), and 1.83m (SD=6.36), respectively. Thirty-two (66.66%) participants reported a previous SRC, but only two (4.16%) participants reported a previous neck injury. The mean holding time for CFE and CEE were 64.47 sec (SD=33.28) and 150.59 sec (SD=68.46), respectively. The mean CAFS was 9.43 kg (SD=1.32) for the left and 9.85 kg (SD=1.52) for the right. The mean JPE repositioning error was 54.79 mm (SD=18.39) to the right, 54.27 mm (SD=19.49) to the left, and 60.58 mm (SD=19.93) for extension. Correlations were seen for age and CAFS to the left (CAFS_L) (r = 0.42, p = 0.002) and CAFS to the right (CAFS_R (r = 0.43, p = 0.002) overall and within the backline subgroup (CAFS_L: r = 0.53; p = 0.009; CAFS_R: r = 0.55; p = 0.006). JPE to the right (JPE_R) and mass were correlated (r = 0.29, p = 0.04) overall and within the backline subgroup (r = 0.60; p = 0.003). CAFS_R and CAFS_L were correlated overall (r = 0.79; p <0.001) and remained within the subgroups. Significant group differences were seen for JPE_R (p = 0.004) overall and specifically between the loose forwards and the tight forwards subgroups (p = 0.002). Conclusion: This study provides baseline values for cervical function measures in a collegiate RU population and shows the relationships that exist between RU specific intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can be evaluated in future research. It also highlights the value and feasibility of adding cervical function tests as part of baseline SRC screening. Furthermore, clinicians could collect data on age, mass and POP as correlations exist between these factors and measures of cervical function. This could assist with holistic player management,
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Daar is toenemende kommer oor sportverwante harsingskudding (SVH) in die laaste paar jaar, veral ten opsigte van hoë impak sporte soos rugby. Basislyn siftingstoetse vir SVH met spesifieke servikale funksie toetse vir `n omvattende benadering tot SVH hantering, word voorgestel in die literatuur. Die gebruik van servikale toetse as deel van basislyn siftingstoetse, en die verhouding tussen servikale metings en spesifieke interne en eksterne faktore van rugby, is nog nie bepaal in die literatuur nie. Doel en doelstellings: Die studie beoog om interne en eksterne faktore van `n groep rugby spelers van die universiteit te beskryf tydens basislyn sifting voor die seisoen, en om te bepaal of daar enige verwantskap bestaan tussen enige van dié faktore, asook tussen servikale funksie en die ander interne en eksterne faktore. Metodes: `n Waarnemingstudie is geloots by Stellenbsoch Universiteit. Die data is ingesamel deur middel van `n voorseisoen basislyn vraelys en `n reeks kliniese toetse. Die vraelys het inligting ingesamel oor spelers se ouderdom, gewig, lengte, speler posisie, vlak van spel, vorige SVH, asook vorige nekbeserings. Servikale fleksie uithouvermoë (SFU), servikale ekstensie uihouvermoë (SEU), servikale anterolaterale fleksie sterkte (SAFS) en gewrigsposisie fout (GPF) is gemeet. Beskrywende statistiek is bepaal vir alle deurlopende data en frekwensie verspreidings is bepaal vir alle kategoriese data. Korrelasies is bepaal tussen basislyn faktore, asook binne in die posisionele subgroepe deur middel van Spearman se korrelasie koëfisiënt. Pearson se chi-kwadraat (Chi2) is toegepas om te bepaal of verskille bestaan tussen die posisionele subgroepe en vorige SVHs. Twee-steekproef t-toetse is gedoen om verskille in basislyn faktore tussen diegene met en dié sonder vorige SVHs te bepaal. Eenrigting ANOVA is uitgevoer om verskille in basislyn faktore te bepaal tussen die posisionele subgroepe. Multiveranderlike regressie is gebruik om te bepaal tussen watter posisionele subgroepe daar wel verskille is. Resultate: Agt-en-veertig spelers het die basislyn SVH siftingstoetse voltooi. Die groep het gemiddelde ouderdom, gewig, en lengte van onderskeidelik 21.10 jaar (SD=1.66), 95.22 kg (SD=12.54) en 1.83 m (SD=6.36). Twee-en-dertig (66.66%) het rapporteer dat hulle al `n vorige SVH opgedoen het, maar slegs twee (4.16%) het al `n vorige nek besering opgedoen. Die gemiddelde houtyd vir SFU was 64.47 sek (SD=33.28) en 150.59 sek (SD=68.46) vir SEU. Die gemiddelde SAK was 9.43 kg (SD=1.32) vir links en 9.85 kg (SD=1.52) vir regs. Die gemiddelde herposisionerings fout vir GPF was 54.79 mm (SD=18.39) na regs, 54.27 mm (SD=19.49) na links, en 60.58 mm (SD=19.93) vir ekstensie. Korrelasies is waargeneem vir ouderdom en SAFS links (SAFS_L) (r = 0.42, p = 0.002) en SAFS regs (SAFS_R) (r = 0.43, p = 0.002) in die hele groep, asook in die agterspelers subgroep (SAFS_L: r = 0.53; p = 0.009; SAFS_R: r = 0.55; p = 0.006). Verder het GPF na regs (GPF_R) `n korrelasie getoon met gewig in die hele groep (r = 0.29, p = 0.04), asook in die agterspelers subgroep (r = 0.60; p = 0.003). SAFS_L en SAFS_R het ook `n korrelasie getoon in die hele groep (r = 0.79; p <0.001) asook in al die sub-groepe. Beduidende groep verskille is waargeneem vir GPF_R (p = 0.004) en meer spesifiek tussen die vaste voorspelers en die losvoorspelers subgroepe (p = 0.002). Daar was geen korrelasies tussen vorige SVH en enige van die faktore wat by basislyn gemeet is nie. Gevolgtrekking: Die studie verskaf basislyn waardes vir servikale funksie toetse in `n groep universiteits rugbyspelers, en dit wys verhoudings aan tussen die verskillende faktore wat in toekomstige navorsing evalueer kan word. Die waarde en uitvoerbaarheid ten opsigte van byvoeging van servikale toetse as deel van basislyn SVH sifting word ook uitgelig. Dit wys ook die nut van klinikuste wat data oor ouderdom,gewig en speler posisie by basislyn, siende dat korrelasies bestaan tussen hierdie faktore en servikale funksie toetse. Hierdie laat toe vir `n holistiese benadering tot SVH bestuur in spelers.
Description
Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Sports medicine -- South Africa, Post-concussion syndrome -- South Africa, Sports injuries -- Treatment -- South Africa, Brain -- Concussion -- South Africa, UCTD
Citation