Accuracy Optimization of anti-TB Drug Assays using Protein Evaluation in Calibration Curves during Pharmacokinetics Quality Assurance

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Quality assurance of drug assaying is an important aspect in clinical testing. Accuracy is important to ensure correct bio-analytical results by constructing calibration curves that took blood matrix interferences into consideration. I have adhered to the United States of America Food and Drug Administration (FDA) call for improved accuracy in bio-equivalence, bio-availability and administering of narrow therapeutic indexed drugs. Significant different plasma levels were observed in clinical trials for the occasional hyperproteinemia (an increase in protein concentration in the bloodstream) and hypoproteinemia (lower-than normal levels of protein in the blood) patients this includes disease-related hyperalbuminemia (an increased concentration of albumin in the blood) and hypoalbuminemia (a deficit of albumin in the blood) patients. This research supported a modeled approach for accuracy improvements by including the patients‘ plasma protein levels using a combined calibration curve (protein evaluation calibrations curves – PROTECC-PKTM). Levels of albumin were classified as marked hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), mild hypoalbuminemia (2.5-3.5 g/dL), normal albumin (3.5-4.5 g/dL), and hyperalbuminemia (>4.5 g/dL). This research was specifically important for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. The rifampicin method was developed, validated and the concentration calibration curve of rifampicin with and without plasma was assessed. The limit of detection for rifampicin with and without plasma was 0.189 μg/ml ± 0.082 and 0.080 μg/ml ± 0.053 μg/ml respectively (LOD ± mean standard diviation). The limit of quantification of rifampicin with and without plasma was 0.573 μg/ml ± 0.082μg/ml and 0.243 μg/ml ± 0.053μg/ml respectively (LOQ ± mean standard diviation). The r2 for rifampicin was 0.9971 without plasma and 0.9852 with plasma present. A novel analytical method for determination of the % protein content present in blood plasma was performed using the Karl Fischer Titration process. Results indicated deviation in % protein of blood plasma for patients compared to literature values of about 8 %. Using the data obtained, the PROTECC-PKTM curves indicated that the relative accuracy differed by a minimum of 0.1% for low binding affinity drugs and a maximum of more than 20% for drugs with moderate binding affinities. The relative accuracy of the anti TB drugs was supported by computational modelling and thermodynamic analytical methods for each drug during multiple drug co-administration regimens. This study focused on the drug binding affinity that affects the extrapolation of the patient‘s sample drug concentration from the slope of LCMS calibration curve. The binding constants calculated from fluorescence spectroscopy data were as follows: rifampicin 5.379 x 102 M-1 (moderate affinity), isoniazid 9.285 M-1 (low affinity), 25-desacetyl rifampicin 3.156 M-1 (low affinity), ethambutol 3.443 M-1 (low affinity) and pyrazinamide 3.076 X 102 M-1 (moderate affinity). These drugs Gibbs free energies for these drugs indicated spontaneous binding reactions. Rifampicin, a non-polar weak acid with a higher affinity, showed the most stable complex formation with human serum albumin (HSA) compared to soluble isoniazid. This is because isoniazid in its ionized form can be easily excreted in the urine resulting in low levels of detection. This will affect the bioavailability and accuracy of the assay levels for patients experiencing hyper and hypoalbuminemia with related competition and induction processes of the enzymes. These complications are apparent where a larger number of patients are involved in clinical trials, bioequivalence and bioavailability studies with varying protein levels that may be more crucial for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gehalteversekering van medisynemiddel bepalingsprosesse is 'n belangrike aspek in kliniese toetse. Akkuraatheid is belangrik om te verseker korrekte bio-analitiese resultate deur die bou van kalibrasie kurwes wat bloed matriks steuringe in ag neem. Ek het van die Verenigde State van Amerika Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oproep vir 'n beter akkuraatheid in bio-ekwivalensie, bio-beskikbaarheid en administrasie van smal terapeutiese geïndekseer dwelms gevolg. Daar is in kliniese toetse verskille waargeneem in plasmavlakke van hyperproteinemia en hypoproteinemia pasiënte en ook siekte-verwante hyperalbuminemia en hypoalbuminemia pasiënte van die kalibrators. Hierdie navorsing ondersteun akkuraatheid verbeterings deur die insluiting van die pasiënte se plasma proteïen vlakke met behulp van 'n gekombineerde kalibrasie kurwe (proteïen evaluering kalibrasies kurwes - PROTECC-PKTM). Vlakke van albumien is geklassifiseer as gemerk hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), ligte hypoalbuminemia (2.5-3.5 g/dL), normale albumien (3.5-4.5 g/dL), en hyperalbuminemia (> 4.5 g/dL). Hierdie navorsing was spesifiek belangrik vir middels met 'n smal terapeutiese indeks. Die metode en kalibrasie kurwe van rifampisien met en sonder plasma is beoordeel. Die limiet van opsporing vir rifampisien met en sonder plasma was 0.189 μg/mL en 0.080 μg/mL onderskeidelik. Die limiet van kwantifisering van rifampisien met en sonder plasma was 0.573 μg/ml en 0.242 μg/ml onderskeidelik. Die r2 vir rifampisien was 0,9971 sonder plasma en 0,9852 met plasma teenwoordig. 'n Nuwe analitiese metode vir die bepaling van die waterinhoud% teenwoordig in bloedplasma is uitgevoer met behulp van die Karl Fischer Titrasie proses. Resultate dui daarop afwyking in waterinhoud % van bloedplasma van pasiënte in vergelyking met literatuur waardes van ongeveer 92%. Met behulp van die verkry data, die PROTECC-PKTM kurwes het aangedui dat die relatiewe akkuraatheid verskil deur 'n minimum van 0,1% vir lae bindingsaffiniteit dwelms en 'n maksimum van meer as 20% vir dwelms met 'n matige bindende affiniteite. Die relatiewe akkuraatheid van die anti TB-middels is met behulp van die numeriese modellering voorspelling en termodinamiese bindende affiniteit eksperimente van elke dwelm tydens verskeie dwelm mede- administrasie regimens. Dit fokus op die medisynemiddel bindingsaffiniteit dat die ekstrapolasie van die pasiënte monster dwelmkonsentrasie van die helling van die kalibrasie kurwe beïnvloed. Die bindingskonstantes bereken deur fluoressensie spektroskopie data is soos volg: rifampisien 5,379 x 102 M-1 (matige affiniteit), isoniasied 9,285 M-1 (lae affiniteit), 25-desacetyl rifampisien 3,156 M-1 (lae affiniteit), ethambutol 3,443 M-1 (lae affiniteit) en pyrazinamide 3,076 X 102 M-1 (matige affiniteit). Hierdie middels se Gibbs vrye energie dui op spontane bindingsreaksies. Rifampisien ‘n nie-polêre swak suur met 'n hoër affiniteit en die mees stabiele kompleks vorm met albumien in teenstelling met oplosbare isoniasied. Die rede is die polariteit en die geïoniseerd vorm van isoniasied om maklik in die urine uit geskei te word, lei tot lae vlakke van opsporing. Dit sal die biobeskikbaarheid en akkuraatheid van die toets vlakke vir pasiënte met hiper en hypoalbuminemia met verwante kompetisie en induksie prosesse van die ensieme beïnvloed. Hierdie komplikasies is duidelik waar 'n groter aantal pasiënte betrokke is by kliniese toetse, bio-ekwivalentestudie en biobeskikbaarheid studies met wisselende proteïen vlakke wat meer belangrik vir middels kan wees met 'n smal terapeutiese indeks.
Description
Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Anti-TB drugs, Quality assurance, Protein binding -- Drugs, Pharmacokinetics, Computational modeling, Analytical techniques, Concentration calibration curves, UCTD
Citation