The vascular and endothelial effects of HIV, antiretroviral therapy and rooibos - functional effects and mechanism

Date
2022-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) are living longer but are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been implicated in the development of CVD in people living with HIV-1, however a gap remains in the mechanisms involved. Rooibos (RB) has been shown to exert potential ameliorative effects against cardiovascular risk factors. Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by reduction of the bioavailability of vasodilators, particularly nitric oxide (NO), and/or an increase in endothelium-derived contracting factors. The aortic-ring model measures optimal contraction/relaxation by measuring isometric-tension (g) as an indication of vasomotor function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HIV-1 proteins, ART and rooibos, and a combination thereof on vascular and endothelial function and the possible mechanisms thereof. By evaluating the following objectives: (i) objective 1 to assess vascular reactivity by performing aortic-ring tension studies, utilizing treated thoracic aortas of aged-matched Wistar rats. (ii) Objective 2 To investigate the underlying mechanism involved in endothelial, by assessing the proteins involved in vascular signaling by means of Western blot analysis. Methods Isolated 3-4mm sized aortic rings were incubated for 24 hours with either of the following cocktails: Control (vehicle control), HIV1 (nef, tat & gp160 = 100ng/ml), ART1 (efavirenz = 11.2nM, tenofovir = 1μM and emtricitabine = 2.6µM), ART2 (lopinavir = 20µM and ritonavir = 4µM), RB (2%), HIV1+ART1, HIV1+ART2, HIV1 +RB and HIV1 + ART2 + RB. Thereafter, aortic ring was mounted, and contraction/relaxation reactivity of the vessels were determined in an organ bath perfusion system (AD Instruments, Australia). The remaining tissue of the excised aortas were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for western blot analysis (n=2-3/group). Results No difference in treatment with HIV1 or ART1 compared to controls were observed. Treatment with ART2 decreased %contraction but had no effect on %relaxation. Treatment with RB decreased %contraction and %relaxation. Co-treatment with HIV1+ART1 decreased %contraction and %relaxation, while HIV1+ART2 decreased %contraction but increased %relaxation. HIV1+ART1 group, HIV1+ART2 group, as well as HIV1+RB group showed decreased %contraction and %relaxation compared to HIV1 only treated aortic rings. HIV1+ART2+RB had no effect on %contraction or %relaxation compared to HIV1. Cleaved-PARP expression was increased in HIV1+ART2 compared to HIV1. Total IκBα expression was increased in HIV1+ART2+RB compared to HIV1 and HIV1+ART2 groups. Conclusion HIV-1 (Nef, Tat and Gp160) had no effect on vasomotor function. While efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine treatment alone had no effect, it had ambiguous effects within this HIV-1 protein environment. Interestingly, lopinavir and ritonavir co-treatment with HIV-1 proteins improved vasomotor function but increased apoptosis. Rooibos caused had an ambiguous effect in aortic reactivity when treated alone, co-treated with HIV1 and had no effect when co-treated with HIV1 and protease inhibitors. However, Rooibos co-treatment with HIV1 and protease inhibitors downregulated the inflammatory NF-κB signaling pathway. Although this study could not pertinently show the harmful effect that HIV-1 proteins and protease inhibitors have on vascular function, the effect of Rooibos in this environment was promising and warrants further investigation into an optimal concentration within this environment.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Individue met die MIV (menslike immuniteitsgebreksvirus) leef langer, maar het ‘n groter risiko om kardiovaskulêre siektes (KVS) te ontwikkel. Antiretrovirale terapie (ART) is geïmpliseer in die ontwikkeling van KVS in persone met MIV-1, maar kennis van die meganismes betrokke is gebrekkig. Rooibos (RB) is het voordelige effekte op kardiovaskulêre risikofaktore. Endoteeldisfunksie word gekenmerk deur ‘n afname in die bio-beskikbaarheid van verslappingsfaktore, veral stikstofoksied (NO) en/of ‘n toename in endoteel-afkomstige kontraksie-faktore. Die aorta-ringmodel bepaal optimale kontraksie/verslapping (vasomotoriese funksie) deur die isometriese-spanning (g) van aorta-ringe te meet. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om die effekte van MIV-1 proteïene, ART en RB, sowel as ‘n kombinasie daarvan op vaskulêre- en endoteelfunksie te meet. Deur die volgende doelwitte te evaluleer: (i) doelwit 1 Om vaskulêre reaktiwiteit te meet, deur middel van behandelde toraks-aortas, afkomstig van manlike Wistar rotte van dieselfde ouderdom. (ii) Doelwit 2 Om onderliggende meganismes betrokke by endoteeldisfunksie te ondersoek, deur proteïene, betrokke by vaskulêre seintransduksie, met behulp van Western blot analise te meet. Metodes Geïsoleerde aorta-ringe (3-4mm) is vir 24 uur geïnkubeer met een van die volgende behandelings: Kontrole (oplosmiddels), MIV1 (nef, tat en gp160 = 100ng/ml), ART1 (efavirenz = 11.2nM, tenofovir = 1μM en emtricitabine = 2.6µM), ART2 (lopinavir = 20µM en ritonavir = 4µM), RB (2%), MIV1+ART1, MIV1+ART2, MIV1 +RB en MIV1 + ART2 + RB. Aorta-ringe is gemonteer en die reaktiwiteit is deur middel van kontraksie/verslapping gemeet in ‘n orgaanbad-perfusisisteem (AD Instruments, Australia). Oorblywende weefsel van die aorta is in vloeibare stikstof gevries en gestoor vir Western blot analise (n=2- 3/groep). Resultate Geen verskille is opgemerk in die MIV1 of ART1 groepe nie. ART2 het die %kontraksie verhoog, maar geen effek op %verslapping gehad nie. RB het %kontraksie en %verslapping verlaag. MIV1+ART1 het %kontraksie en %verslapping verlaag, terwyl MIV1+ART2 %kontraksie verlaag en %verslapping verhoog het. Die MIV1+ART1, MIV1+ART2, sowel as die MIV1+RB groep het %kontraksie en %verslapping in vergelyking met die MIV-1 groep verlaag. MIV1+ART2+RB het geen effek op %kontraksie en %verslapping, in vergelyking met die MIV-1 groep, gehad nie. Uitdrukking van “cleaved-PARP” was verhoog in die MIV1+ART2 in vergelyking met HIV1 groep. Uitdrukking van IκBα was verhoog in die MIV1+ART2+RB in vergelyking met MIV1 and MIV1+ART2 groep. Gevolgtrekking MIV-1 (Nef, Tat en Gp160) het geen effek op vasomotoriese funksie gehad nie. Terwyl behandeling met efavirenz, tenofovir en emtricitabine geen effek gehad het nie, het dit ‘n teenstrydige effek in die teenwoordigheid van MIV-1 proteïene gehad. Behandeling met lopinavir en ritonavir gesamentlik met MIV-1 proteïene het verbeterde vasomotoriese funksie, maar ‘n verhoging in apoptose tot gevolg gehad. Rooibos het ‘n afname in die inflammatoriese NF-κB seintransduksiepad tot gevolg gehad. Alhoewel hierdie studie nie pertinente skade van MIV-1 proteïene en protease inhibitore op vaskulêre funksie kon aandui nie, is die effek van Rooibos in hierdie omstandighede baie belowend en vereis dit verdere ondersoek na die optimale konsentrasie binne hierdie omgewing.
Description
Thesis (MMed) -- Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Vascular endothelial growth factors, HIV infections, Antiretroviral agents, Rooibos, Aortic ring, Vascular reactivity
Citation