Development of a tier 3 method for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from pulp and paper mills in South Africa

Date
2023-03
Journal Title
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The increasing threat of climate change caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has resulted in strict government emission regulations as a control measure toward emissions mitigation. These regulations and associated emission taxes have increased the cost of operations for large GHG-emitting industries, including the pulp and paper industry. The South African government requires pulp and paper mills (PPMs) to report emissions at the highest level (Tier 3) of the three-tiered IPCC GHG reporting method, which requires facility-level emission data. However, obtaining this type of data is challenging for PPMs due to the lack of continuous measuring systems at key points such as steam boilers and recovery furnaces. Therefore, there is a need to develop a method for Tier 3 reporting without a need for continuous measurements. This study investigated the feasibility of using a mass balance approach based on the principle of conservation of mass to develop a Tier 3 reporting method for the PPMs. The study involved analysing carbon flow from the entry gates to the exit gates of thirteen South African PPMs. This carbon was quantified using composition-based mathematical models developed for each carbon-containing input and output stream. These models were combined into a single mass balance model that calculates the emitted carbon as the difference between the input and output carbon using an Excel-based tool. In addition, this tool was used for sensitivity analyses to determine how emissions vary with changes in independent variables like the carbon content of input and output streams. The approach accounts for variations in the fuel quality and combustion efficiencies in PPMs using different technologies; hence, it is reliable. Sankey diagrams were used to report the carbon flow through the specified mill boundaries, and the total GHG emissions were calculated as the sum of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions in tCO2-eq. Results showed that in 2020, 51% of the carbon leaving the PPMs was emitted as GHGs. 39% and 10% left the mills as pulp and paper products and as byproducts and wastes, respectively. The sector emitted 5 602 671 tCO2-eq (53% biogenic and 47% fossil) from activities under IPCC Codes 1A1a, 1A2d, 1A2f, 2A2, and 2A4d. Results also showed that virgin fibre-based mills produce 2.8 times more GHG emissions than recycled fibre-based mills, which suggested that recycled fibre usage should be promoted. Moreover, the models indicated that replacing coal with natural gas can halve emissions. Therefore, using natural gas could be the next step to environmental sustainability for South African PPMs. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the higher a process stream’s carbon flow rate, the larger the extent by which emissions will change with stream properties like carbon and moisture content variations. This study is the first to provide a Tier 3 reporting method for South African PPMs. A Tier 3 methodology results in improved GHG accounting accuracy which is crucial in developing climate change mitigation strategies in line with South African environmental legislations.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Die verhoging van klimaatsverandering veroorsaak deur groenhuisgasemissies (GHG) het gelei tot streng emissieregulasies deur die regering as ’n beheermate tot emissiematiging. Hierdie regulasies en geassosieerde emissiebelasting het die bedryfskoste vir groot GHG-vrystellende industrieë, insluitend die pulp-en-papierindustrie, verhoog. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering vereis pulp-en-papiermeule (PPMs) om emissies by die hoogste vlak (Vlak 3) van die drie-vlakkige IPCC GHG rapporteringsmetode, wat fasiliteitvlakemissiedata vereis, te rapporteer. Om hierdie tipe data te verkry is egter ’n uitdaging vir PPMe as gevolg van die gebrek aan aaneenlopende metingsisteme by sleutelpunte soos stoomkokers en herwinningsoonde. Daarom is daar ’n behoefte om ’n metode vir Vlak 3-rapportering te ontwikkel sonder ’n behoefte aan aaneenlopende metings. Hierdie studie het die uitvoerbaarheid van die gebruik van ’n massabalansbenadering gebaseer op die beginsels van behoud van massa ondersoek, om ’n Vlak 3-rapporteringsmetode vir die PPMe te ontwikkel. Die studie het analisering van koolstofvloei van die ingaanhekke na die uitgaanhekke van dertien Suid-Afrikaanse PPMe ingesluit. Hierdie koolstof is gekwantifiseer deur samestelling-gebaseerde wiskundige modelle wat ontwikkel is vir elke koolstofbevattende inset- en uitsetstroom, te gebruik. Hierdie modelle is gekombineer in ’n enkel-massabalansmodel wat die vrygestelde koolstof as die verskil tussen inset-en uitsetkoolstof bereken, deur ’n Excel-gebaseerde instrument te gebruik. Hierby is hierdie instrument gebruik vir sensitiwiteitsanalises om te bepaal hoe emissies varieer met veranderinge in onafhanklike veranderlikes soos die koolstofinhoud van inset- en uitsetstrome. Die benadering hou rekening van variasies in die brandstofkwaliteit en verbrandingsdoeltreffendhede in PPMe deur verskillende tegnologieë te gebruik; daarom is dit vertroubaar. Sankey-diagramme is gebruik om die koolstofvloei deur die spesifieke meulgrense te rapporteer, en die totale GHG-emissies is bereken as die som van CO2-, CH4- en N2Oemissies in tCO2-eq. Resultate het getoon dat in 2020, 51% van die koolstof wat die PPMe verlaat, as GHGe uitgestraal is. 39% en 10% het die meule verlaat as pulp-en-papierprodukte en as byprodukte en afval, onderskeidelik. Die sektor stel 5 602 671 tCO2-eq vry (53% biogenies en 47% fossiel) van aktiwiteite onder IPCC-kodes 1A1a, 1A2d, 1A2f, 2A2 en 2A4d. Resultate toon ook dat rouveselgebaseerde meule 2.8 keer meer GHG-emissies produseer as herwinde vesel-gebaseerde meule, wat voorstel dat herwinde gebruik bevorder moet word. Verder, die modelle dui aan dat wanneer steenkool met natuurlike gas vervang word, emissies halveer. Daarom kan die gebruik van natuurlike gas die volgende stap na omgewingsvolhoubaarheid vir Suid-Afrikaanse PPMe wees. Sensitiwiteitsanalises het bekend gemaak dat hoe hoër ’n prosesstroom se koolstofvloeitempo is, hoe groter die omvang waarby emissies sal verander met stroomeienskappe soos koolstof- en voginhoudvariasies. Hierdie studie is die eerste om ’n Vlak 3-rapporteringsmetode vir Suid-Afrikaanse PPMe te verskaf. ’n Vlak 3-metodologie lei tot verbeterde GHG-rekeningkunde akkuraatheid wat kritiek is tot die ontwikkeling van klimaatverandering-beheerstrategieë in lyn met Suid-Afrikaanse omgewingswetgewing
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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