Funding free basic services through the local government equitable share : a case study of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality

Date
2023-12
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: At the national level, the government offers social assistance in the form of social grants to children, the elderly, and people living with disabilities and in the last few years, even the unemployed through the Social Relief of Distress grant. In the local government sphere, there is a similar initiative, which is through the provision of Free Basic Services (FBS). The government introduced the FBS policy in 2001 to alleviate poverty in the country. The White Paper on Local Government, 1998 envisaged an initiation of programmes and new policies aimed at alleviating poverty in the country. FBS (i.e. water, electricity, sanitation, and refuse removal) are provided to those households unable to pay for basic services, defined as indigent households. Indigent households are those that are unable to make monetary contributions towards basic services. In 2023, the qualifying threshold income was R4 216. Qualifying households were required to register for FBS with the municipality and their indigency status was reviewed from time to time, generally on an annual basis. This qualifying income threshold was used at both national departments and at the City of Tshwane to determine the affordability threshold. This study investigates the funding of FBS through the Local Government Equitable Share (LGES) intergovernmental grant using the City of Tshwane (CoT) Metropolitan Municipality as a case study. The LGES is a transfer to local government from the nationally raised revenue. The LGES is an unconditional transfer meant to be used at the discretion of the local government. The LGES has three components, one of them being the Basic Services component which assists municipalities with the provision of FBS and accounts for all indigent households – that is households that are deemed to be receiving an income below R4 216 that should be receiving these services, i.e. electricity, free basic water, sanitation and refuse removal services. The LGES covers the operational costs of providing FBS, which is the focus of this study. A mixed-methods approach was used in this study. The empirical component of the study relied on budget and financial management documents both from the national and local levels, National Treasury’s local government database, reports, and publications from various institutions. The non-empirical component was through interviews and literature reviews. For the interviews, purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The lack of clarity on the definition of “indigent” and reliance on indigent registers posed challenges for the implementation of FBS as not all indigent households were captured in the indigent registers. This is due to a qualifying criterion that is applied to FBS. The findings revealed that municipal costs of FBS provision diverge from subsidies received in the CoT and these resulted in overfunding for the periods under study, poor coverage in the subsidy amount, adequacy of the LGES, White Paper assumptions have not proven to be true, exogenous pressures on the revenue side, and that limited coverage in the FBS programme is not a funding issue. Recommendations flowing from this study relate to the need for reviewing the FBS policy. This is crucial to ensure that essential services are made available to vulnerable households. It will also contribute to better targeting of indigent households and the review of the LGES formula. This is pertinent in ensuring that municipalities have the financial resources required to provide FBS and account for variances in the costs of FBS provision across municipalities. The recommendations also speak to setting up a monitoring system at a national level to assess progress with FBS provision to provide valuable insights on the effectiveness of municipal indigent policies. This will enable policymakers to make evidence-based decisions to improve the lives of indigent people in the country. Re-evaluating the minimum service levels of the FBS policy will ensure that the policy is responsive and remains relevant to the needs of stakeholders. The recommendations address the mismatch between funded households in the LGES and those in municipal indigent registers looking into the collaborative efforts between different stakeholders. The recommendations also consider the merits of attaching conditions to FBS allocations and the impact this could have on service provision. Lastly, recommendations are made for dealing with inadequate investment in maintenance. Access to basic services has increased since 2001 but more work still needs to be done to ensure that all South African indigent households have access to basic services.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Op nasionale vlak bied die regering maatskaplike bystand in die vorm van maatskaplike toelaes aan kinders, bejaardes en mense wat met gestremdhede leef en in die laaste paar jaar selfs werklose mense deur middel van die Maatskaplike Verligting van Nood-toelae. In die plaaslike regeringsfeer is daar 'n soortgelyke inisiatief, naamlik die verskaffing van Gratis Basiese Dienste (FBS). Die regering het die FBS-beleid in 2001 ingestel om armoede in die land te verlig. Die Witskrif oor Plaaslike Regering, 1998 het 'n aanvang van programme en nuwe beleide in die vooruitsig gestel wat daarop gemik is om armoede in die land te verlig. Gratis basiese dienste word verskaf aan huishoudings wat nie daarvoor kan betaal nie (d.w.s. water, elektrisiteit, sanitasie en vullisverwydering), gedefinieer as behoeftige huishoudings. Behoeftige huishoudings is nie in staat om geldelike bydraes tot basiese dienste te maak nie. In 2023 was die kwalifiserende drempelinkomste R4 216. Kwalifiserende huishoudings word verplig om vir FBS by die munisipaliteit te registreer en hul behoeftigheidstatus word van tyd tot tyd hersien, gewoonlik op 'n jaarlikse basis. Hierdie studie ondersoek die befondsing van FBS deur die Plaaslike Regering Billike Aandeel (LGES) interregeringstoelae deur die Stad Tshwane (CoT) Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit as 'n gevallestudie te gebruik. Die plaaslike regering se billike aandeel is 'n oordrag na die plaaslike regering vanaf die nasionaal verkrygde inkomste. Die LGES is 'n onvoorwaardelike oordrag wat bedoel is om volgens die diskresie van die plaaslike regering gebruik te word. Die LGES het drie komponente, waarvan een die komponent van basiese dienste is wat munisipaliteite met die verskaffing van FBS en rekeninge vir alle hulpbehoewende huishoudings bystaan – dit is huishoudings wat geag word 'n inkomste te ontvang wat minder is as die twee maatstawwe van die staat se ouderdomspensioen – wat hierdie dienste behoort te ontvang, dit wil se elektrisiteit, gratis basiese water, sanitasie en vullisverwyderingsdienste. Die LGES dek die bedryfskoste van die verskaffing van FBS, wat die fokus van hierdie studie is. 'n Gemengde-metode-benadering is in hierdie studie gebruik. Die empiriese komponent van die studie het staatgemaak op begrotings- en finansiele bestuursdokumente van beide die nasionale en plaaslike regering, die Nasionale Tesourie se plaaslike regeringsdatabasis, verslae en publikasies van verskeie instellings. Die nie-empiriese komponent het deur middel van onderhoude en literatuuroorsigte plaasgevind. Vir die onderhoude is doelgerigte steekproefneming gebruik om die deelnemers te selekteer. Die gebrek aan duidelikheid oor die definisie van “behoeftige” en afhanklikheid van behoeftige registers het uitdagings vir die implementering van FBS gestel aangesien nie alle hulpbehoewende huishoudings in die behoeftige registers vasgele is nie. Dit is as gevolg van 'n kwalifiserende maatstaf wat op FBS toegepas word. Die bevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat munisipale koste van FBS-voorsiening verskil van subsidies ontvang in die CoT en dit het gelei tot oorbefondsing vir die tydperke onder studie, tot swak dekking in die subsidiebedrag, die toereikendheid van die LGES, Witskrif-aannames wat nie bewys het dat dit waar is nie, eksogene druk op die inkomstekant, en dat beperkte dekking in die FBS-program nie 'n finansieringskwessie is nie. Aanbevelings wat uit hierdie studie voortvloei, hou verband met die behoefte om die FBS-beleid te hersien. Dit is baie belangrik om te verseker dat noodsaaklike dienste aan kwesbare huishoudings beskikbaar is. Dit sal ook bydra tot beter teikenstelling ten opsigte van behoeftige huishoudings en die hersiening van die LGES-formule. Dit is van pas om te verseker dat munisipaliteite die finansiele hulpbronne het wat nodig is om FBS te voorsien en om afwykings in die koste van FBS-voorsiening oor munisipaliteite heen te verreken. Die aanbevelings spreek ook van die opstel van ’n moniteringstelsel op 'n nasionale vlak om vordering met die FBS-voorsiening te evalueer om waardevolle insigte te verskaf oor die doeltreffendheid van munisipale hulpbehoewende beleide. Dit sal beleidmakers in staat stel om bewysgebaseerde besluite te neem om die lewens van behoeftige mense in die land te verbeter. Die herevaluering van die minimum diensvlakke van die FBS-beleid sal verseker dat die beleid responsief en relevant is vir die behoeftes van belanghebbendes. Die laaste stel aanbevelings spreek die wanverhouding aan tussen befondsde huishoudings in die billike aandeel en die in munisipale deernisregisters, hersien die aannames in die Plaaslike Regering Witskrif van 1998 en die meriete van die heg van voorwaardes aan FBS-toekennings en die hantering van onvoldoende belegging in onderhoud. Toegang tot basiese dienste het sedert 2001 toegeneem, maar meer werk moet nog gedoen word om te verseker dat alle hulpbehoewende huishoudings toegang tot basiese dienste het.
Description
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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