Stakeholder engagement in sustainable urban water management in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana

Date
2020-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Over the last two decades, the Accra metropolis has experienced rapid population, urbanisation and economic growth that threatened the sustainable management of water and sanitation systems to deliver efficient services. Guided by the political ecology theory, this study explores the water system dynamics in Accra by examining the web of factors that rendered previous water management approach inadequate and prompted the search for an alternative way. The transdisciplinary research (TDR) process was adopted as the overarching research approach for this study. Fundamental to the operationalisation of the TDR process was the establishment of a learning platform that brought together diverse stakeholders for dialogue and deliberations on water issues in the metropolis. At the learning platform, an assemblage of research methods, including focus groups, dialogue, one-on-one consultation and surveys were used. Additional data were gathered from literature and national documents including reports, plans and strategies. The study showed that the Government of Ghana (GoG), overwhelmed by the mounting challenges and the declining capacity of water institutions to manage the water system began the water privatisation process to reform the water sector in 2005. A 5-year (2006 – 2011) Management Contract was signed between the government and a private entity, Aqua Viten Rand Limited (AVRL) to implement interventions that would help establish a financially self-sufficient urban water system capable of achieving at least five outcomes – improved water governance, efficient water supply, increased water coverage and access, reduced non-revenue water (NRW), and reduced water-related health risks. The analysis showed that interventions under Private Sector Management (PSM) fell short of fully achieving the desired outcomes. Based on the poor outcomes, a decision was made by the government to return urban water management to public ownership at the end of the contract period (2011). To kick-start a new public management regime, a new framework called the Water Sector Strategic Development Plan (WSSDP) was developed to guide the vision of providing sustainable access to clean water and basic sanitation for all urban citizens by 2025. Under this framework, the water managers in Accra implemented interventions inspired by the Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM) approach. Overall, the implementation of interventions under the WSSDP has been described as encouraging with considerable improvements in potable water volume supplied, water governance, and growing attention to sewage and wastewater management through public-private-partnerships. However, several areas that required further attention included addressing NRW, wastewater treatment and ecosystem integrity, among others. To address the gaps, a framework that defines the overall goal, key objectives and five interventions are presented. The interventions included - reducing unaccountedunaccounted-for water (UFW) UFW), c ost recovery and tariff adjustment , p ublic participation and awareness campaign , e xpansion of water treatment capacity , and r ehabilitation of wastewater treatment plants plants. Given the limited financial resources, water managers may need to identify the most cost cost-effective opt ion with maximum benefits. Based on the benefitbenefit-cost analysis, the study concludes that investments in cost recovery and water tariffs ad justment could generate maximum benefits at the lowest cost than the remaining interventions in the long term. Sustainable financing of the urban water system would require improved cost recovery from water consumers. Tariff increases are inevitable, however, consideration for targeted lifeline tariffs and subsidies to low-income residents could make cost recovery acceptable and realistic.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Die Accra-metropool het die afgelope twee dekades vinnige bevolking, verstedeliking en ekonomiese groei beleef wat die volhoubare bestuur van water- en sanitasie-stelsels bedreig om doeltreffende dienste te lewer. Gelei deur die politieke ekologie-teorie, ondersoek hierdie studie die dinamika van waterstelsel in Accra deur die web te ondersoek van faktore wat die vorige waterbestuursbenadering onvoldoende gemaak het en die soeke na 'n alternatiewe manier gevra het. Die proses van transdissiplinêre navorsing (TDR) is aangeneem as die oorkoepelende navorsingsbenadering vir hierdie studie. Fundamenteel vir die operasionalisering van die TDR-proses was die daarstelling van 'n leerplatform wat verskillende belanghebbendes bymekaar gebring het vir dialoog en beraadslaging oor waterkwessies in die metropool. Op die leerplatform is 'n samestelling van navorsingsmetodes, insluitend fokusgroepe, dialoog, konsultasie en opnames, gebruik. Bykomende gegewens is versamel uit literatuur en nasionale dokumente, insluitend verslae, planne en strategieë. Die studie het getoon dat die regering van Ghana (GoG), oorweldig deur die toenemende uitdagings en die dalende kapasiteit van waterinstellings om die waterstelsel te bestuur, die privatiseringsproses vir die hervat van die watersektor in 2005 begin het. 'N Bestuurskontrak van vyf jaar (2006 - 2011) is tussen die regering en 'n privaat entiteit, Aqua Viten Rand Beperk (AVRL), onderteken om intervensies te implementeer wat sal help om 'n finansieel selfversorgende stedelike waterstelsel te vestig wat ten minste vyf uitkomste kan bereik - verbeterde bestuur van water, doeltreffende watervoorsiening, verhoogde waterdekking en -toegang, verminderde nie-omsetwater (NRW) en verminderde waterverwante gesondheidsrisiko's. Die ontleding het getoon dat intervensies onder die privaatsektorbestuur (PSM) nie daarin slaag om die gewenste uitkomste te bereik nie. Op grond van die swak uitkomste, is die regering deur die regering besluit om aan die einde van die kontrakperiode (2011) die bestuur van stedelike water na openbare besit terug te gee. Om 'n nuwe openbare bestuursregime te begin, is 'n nuwe raamwerk genaamd die Watersektor Strategiese Ontwikkelingsplan (WSSDP) ontwikkel om die visie van volhoubare toegang tot skoon water en basiese sanitasie vir alle stedelike burgers teen 2025 te lei. die waterbestuurders in Accra het ingrypings geïnspireer wat geïnspireer is deur die Volhoubare Stedelike Waterbestuur (SUWM) -benadering. In die algemeen is die implementering van ingrypings onder die WSSDP beskryf as bemoedigend met aansienlike verbeterings in die hoeveelheid drinkwater wat voorsien is, die bestuur van water, en toenemende aandag aan riool- en afvalwaterbestuur deur openbare-privaat-vennootskappe. Verskeie gebiede wat verdere aandag benodig het, was onder andere die aanspreek van NRW, afvalwaterbehandeling en die integriteit van die ekosisteem. Om die leemtes aan te spreek, word 'n raamwerk aangebied wat die algehele doelwit, sleuteldoelwitte en vyf intervensies definieer. Die intervensies het ingesluit - vermindering van onverklaarbare water (UFW), kosteverhaling en tariefaanpassing, openbare deelname en bewusmakingsveldtog, uitbreiding van die waterbehandelingskapasiteit en rehabilitasie van afvalwaterbehandelingsaanlegte. Gegewe die beperkte finansiële hulpbronne, sal waterbestuurders moontlik die mees koste-effektiewe opsie met die maksimum voordele moet identifiseer. Op grond van die voordeel-koste-analise, kom die studie tot die gevolgtrekking dat beleggings in die verhaling van koste en die aanpassing van watertariewe maksimum voordele teen die laagste koste as die oorblywende intervensies op die langtermyn kan lewer. Volhoubare finansiering van die stedelike waterstelsel sal verbeterde kosteverbetering van waterverbruikers verg. Tariefverhogings is onvermydelik, maar die inagneming van geteikende lewensduurstariewe en subsidies aan inwoners met 'n lae inkomste kan kosteverhaling aanvaarbaar en realisties maak.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Municipal water supply -- Accra (Ghana), Sustainable development -- Accra (Ghana), Water -- Purification -- Accra (Ghana), Rural development -- Citizen participation -- Accra (Ghana), UCTD
Citation